Determined according to the botanical keys provided by Valentine, Merxmüller and Schmidt in Tutin et al. (1968) and Diklić in Josifović (1972).
Species variability: Two subspecies of Viola tricolor L. occur in the Osogovo region: Viola tricolor L. subsp. tricolor and Viola tricolor subsp. macedonica (Boiss. & Heldr.) A. F. W. Schmidt.
Distinction between subspecies:
– subsp. tricolor: Annual with several stems. Flowers variously colored violet-blue or blue-cream with yellow spot/ yellow lower petal, cream-yellow or entirely yellow. Grasslands, rocky terrains and gravel.
– subsp. macedonica: Perennial with well developed rhizome and numerous stems, with larger habit and longer stems than in subsp. tricolor. Flowers violet -cream, blue-cream or white at opening and later becoming blue/ violet, the lower with a yellow spot at base. Grasslands, clearings and edges of woods and forests.
Lifeform: Annual; Therophyte according to the Raunkiær system.
Distribution: Europe to West Siberia and Iran, Iceland according to distribution information provided by the Plants of the World Online portal (Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew).
Habitat: Grasslands and disturbed ground – gravel.
Flowering period: Spring to early summer: APR, MAY, JUN.
Viola tricolor subsp. tricolor – habit in habitat. Region of “Shtalkovichka” River between the villages of “Shtalkovica” and “Ratkovica”, 25.04.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Viola tricolor subsp. tricolor – habit in habitat. Region of “Shtalkovichka” River between the villages of “Shtalkovica” and “Ratkovica”, 25.04.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Viola tricolor subsp. tricolor – habit in habitat. Region of “Shtalkovichka” River between the villages of “Shtalkovica” and “Ratkovica”, 25.04.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Viola tricolor subsp. tricolor – habit. Region of “Shtalkovichka” River between the villages of “Shtalkovica” and “Ratkovica”, 25.04.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Viola tricolor subsp. tricolor – habit. Region of “Shtalkovichka” River between the villages of “Shtalkovica” and “Ratkovica”, 25.04.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Viola tricolor subsp. tricolor – habit. Region of “Shtalkovichka” River between the villages of “Shtalkovica” and “Ratkovica”, 25.04.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Viola tricolor subsp. tricolor – habit. Region of “Shtalkovichka” River between the villages of “Shtalkovica” and “Ratkovica”, 25.04.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Viola tricolor subsp. tricolor – flower. Region of “Shtalkovichka” River between the villages of “Shtalkovica” and “Ratkovica”, 25.04.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Viola tricolor subsp. tricolor – flower. Region of “Shtalkovichka” River between the villages of “Shtalkovica” and “Ratkovica”, 25.04.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Viola tricolor subsp. tricolor – flower. Region of “Shtalkovichka” River between the villages of “Shtalkovica” and “Ratkovica”, 25.04.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Viola tricolor subsp. tricolor – flower. Region of “Shtalkovichka” River between the villages of “Shtalkovica” and “Ratkovica”, 25.04.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Viola tricolor subsp. tricolor – flower. Region of “Shtalkovichka” River between the villages of “Shtalkovica” and “Ratkovica”, 25.04.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Viola tricolor subsp. tricolor – flower. Region of “Shtalkovichka” River between the villages of “Shtalkovica” and “Ratkovica”, 25.04.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Viola tricolor subsp. tricolor – flower with spur and calyx. Region of “Shtalkovichka” River between the villages of “Shtalkovica” and “Ratkovica”, 25.04.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Viola tricolor subsp. tricolor – flower with spur and calyx, peduncle with bracts. Region of “Shtalkovichka” River between the villages of “Shtalkovica” and “Ratkovica”, 25.04.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Viola tricolor subsp. tricolor – flower with spur and calyx, peduncle with bracts. Region of “Shtalkovichka” River between the villages of “Shtalkovica” and “Ratkovica”, 25.04.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Viola tricolor subsp. tricolor – flower with spur and calyx, peduncle with bracts. Region of “Shtalkovichka” River between the villages of “Shtalkovica” and “Ratkovica”, 25.04.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Viola tricolor subsp. tricolor – capsule. Region of “Shtalkovichka” River between the villages of “Shtalkovica” and “Ratkovica”, 25.04.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Viola tricolor subsp. tricolor – upper cauline leaves and stipules. Region of “Shtalkovichka” River between the villages of “Shtalkovica” and “Ratkovica”, 25.04.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Viola tricolor subsp. tricolor – upper cauline leaves and stipules. Region of “Shtalkovichka” River between the villages of “Shtalkovica” and “Ratkovica”, 25.04.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Viola tricolor subsp. tricolor – middle cauline leaves and stipules. Region of “Shtalkovichka” River between the villages of “Shtalkovica” and “Ratkovica”, 25.04.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Viola tricolor subsp. tricolor – middle cauline leaves and stipules. Region of “Shtalkovichka” River between the villages of “Shtalkovica” and “Ratkovica”, 25.04.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Viola tricolor subsp. tricolor – middle cauline leaves and stipules. Region of “Shtalkovichka” River between the villages of “Shtalkovica” and “Ratkovica”, 25.04.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Viola tricolor subsp. tricolor – lower cauline leaves and stipules. Region of “Shtalkovichka” River between the villages of “Shtalkovica” and “Ratkovica”, 25.04.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Viola tricolor subsp. tricolor – basal leaves. Region of “Shtalkovichka” River between the villages of “Shtalkovica” and “Ratkovica”, 25.04.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Viola tricolor subsp. tricolor – basal leaves. Region of “Shtalkovichka” River between the villages of “Shtalkovica” and “Ratkovica”, 25.04.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Viola tricolor subsp. tricolor – stem. Region of “Shtalkovichka” River between the villages of “Shtalkovica” and “Ratkovica”, 25.04.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Viola tricolor subsp. tricolor – habit. Osogovo, hilly region between the villages of “Pantelej” and “Rajchani”, 19.03.2023. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Viola tricolor subsp. tricolor – habit. Osogovo, hilly region between the villages of “Pantelej” and “Rajchani”, 19.03.2023. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Viola tricolor subsp. tricolor – habit. Osogovo, hilly region between the villages of “Pantelej” and “Rajchani”, 19.03.2023. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Viola tricolor subsp. tricolor – habit. Osogovo, hilly region between the villages of “Pantelej” and “Rajchani”, 19.03.2023. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Viola tricolor subsp. tricolor – habit. Osogovo, hilly region between the villages of “Pantelej” and “Rajchani”, 19.03.2023. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Viola tricolor subsp. tricolor – habit. Osogovo, hilly region between the villages of “Pantelej” and “Rajchani”, 19.03.2023. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Viola tricolor subsp. tricolor – habit. Osogovo, hilly region between the villages of “Pantelej” and “Rajchani”, 19.03.2023. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Viola tricolor subsp. tricolor – habit. Osogovo, hilly region between the villages of “Pantelej” and “Rajchani”, 19.03.2023. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Viola tricolor subsp. tricolor – habit. Osogovo, hilly region between the villages of “Pantelej” and “Rajchani”, 19.03.2023. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Viola tricolor subsp. tricolor – habit. Osogovo, hilly region between the villages of “Pantelej” and “Rajchani”, 19.03.2023. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Viola tricolor subsp. tricolor – habit. Osogovo, hilly region between the villages of “Pantelej” and “Rajchani”, 19.03.2023. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Viola tricolor subsp. tricolor – habit. Osogovo, hilly region between the villages of “Pantelej” and “Rajchani”, 19.03.2023. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Viola tricolor subsp. tricolor – habit. Osogovo, hilly region between the villages of “Pantelej” and “Rajchani”, 19.03.2023. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Viola tricolor subsp. tricolor – flower. Osogovo, hilly region between the villages of “Pantelej” and “Rajchani”, 19.03.2023. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Viola tricolor subsp. tricolor – flower. Osogovo, hilly region between the villages of “Pantelej” and “Rajchani”, 19.03.2023. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Viola tricolor subsp. tricolor – flower. Osogovo, hilly region between the villages of “Pantelej” and “Rajchani”, 19.03.2023. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Viola tricolor subsp. tricolor – flower. Osogovo, hilly region between the villages of “Pantelej” and “Rajchani”, 19.03.2023. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Viola tricolor subsp. tricolor – flower. Osogovo, hilly region between the villages of “Pantelej” and “Rajchani”, 19.03.2023. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Viola tricolor subsp. tricolor – flower. Osogovo, hilly region between the villages of “Pantelej” and “Rajchani”, 19.03.2023. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Viola tricolor subsp. tricolor – flower. Osogovo, hilly region between the villages of “Pantelej” and “Rajchani”, 19.03.2023. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Viola tricolor subsp. tricolor – flower. Osogovo, hilly region between the villages of “Pantelej” and “Rajchani”, 19.03.2023. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Viola tricolor subsp. tricolor – flower. Osogovo, hilly region between the villages of “Pantelej” and “Rajchani”, 19.03.2023. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Viola tricolor subsp. tricolor – flower. Osogovo, hilly region between the villages of “Pantelej” and “Rajchani”, 19.03.2023. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Viola tricolor subsp. tricolor – flower. Osogovo, hilly region between the villages of “Pantelej” and “Rajchani”, 19.03.2023. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Viola tricolor subsp. tricolor – flower. Osogovo, hilly region between the villages of “Pantelej” and “Rajchani”, 19.03.2023. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Viola tricolor subsp. tricolor – flower. Osogovo, hilly region between the villages of “Pantelej” and “Rajchani”, 19.03.2023. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Viola tricolor subsp. tricolor – flower. Osogovo, hilly region between the villages of “Pantelej” and “Rajchani”, 19.03.2023. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Viola tricolor subsp. tricolor – flower. Osogovo, hilly region between the villages of “Pantelej” and “Rajchani”, 19.03.2023. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Viola tricolor subsp. tricolor – flower. Osogovo, hilly region between the villages of “Pantelej” and “Rajchani”, 19.03.2023. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Viola tricolor subsp. tricolor – flower. Osogovo, hilly region between the villages of “Pantelej” and “Rajchani”, 19.03.2023. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Viola tricolor subsp. tricolor – flower. Osogovo, hilly region between the villages of “Pantelej” and “Rajchani”, 19.03.2023. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Viola tricolor subsp. tricolor – flower. Osogovo, hilly region between the villages of “Pantelej” and “Rajchani”, 19.03.2023. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Viola tricolor subsp. tricolor – flower. Osogovo, hilly region between the villages of “Pantelej” and “Rajchani”, 19.03.2023. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Viola tricolor subsp. tricolor – flower. Osogovo, hilly region between the villages of “Pantelej” and “Rajchani”, 19.03.2023. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Viola tricolor subsp. tricolor – flower. Osogovo, hilly region between the villages of “Pantelej” and “Rajchani”, 19.03.2023. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Viola tricolor subsp. tricolor – stem with leaves and stipules. Osogovo, hilly region between the villages of “Pantelej” and “Rajchani”, 19.03.2023. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Viola tricolor subsp. tricolor – lower part of peduncle and stipule. Osogovo, hilly region between the villages of “Pantelej” and “Rajchani”, 19.03.2023. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Viola tricolor subsp. tricolor – stipules. Osogovo, hilly region between the villages of “Pantelej” and “Rajchani”, 19.03.2023. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Viola tricolor subsp. tricolor – stem with leaves and stipules. Osogovo, hilly region between the villages of “Pantelej” and “Rajchani”, 19.03.2023. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Viola tricolor subsp. tricolor – leaves and stipules. Osogovo, hilly region between the villages of “Pantelej” and “Rajchani”, 19.03.2023. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Viola tricolor subsp. tricolor – leaves and stipules. Osogovo, hilly region between the villages of “Pantelej” and “Rajchani”, 19.03.2023. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Viola tricolor subsp. tricolor – leaves and stipules. Osogovo, hilly region between the villages of “Pantelej” and “Rajchani”, 19.03.2023. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Viola tricolor subsp. tricolor – leaves and stipules. Osogovo, hilly region between the villages of “Pantelej” and “Rajchani”, 19.03.2023. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Viola tricolor subsp. tricolor – basal leaves. Osogovo, hilly region between the villages of “Pantelej” and “Rajchani”, 19.03.2023. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Viola tricolor subsp. tricolor – basal leaves. Osogovo, hilly region between the villages of “Pantelej” and “Rajchani”, 19.03.2023. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Viola tricolor subsp. tricolor – basal leaves leaves. Osogovo, hilly region between the villages of “Pantelej” and “Rajchani”, 19.03.2023. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Viola tricolor subsp. tricolor – basal leaves. Osogovo, hilly region between the villages of “Pantelej” and “Rajchani”, 19.03.2023. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.
References:
Rod Viola L. Diklić, N. in Josifović, M. (1972). Flora SR Srbije III. Srpska Akademija Nauka i Umetnosti, Beograd, pp. 129-164.
Viola L. Valentine, D. H., Merxmüller, H. and Schmidt, A. Tutin, T.G., Heywood, V.H., Burges, N.A., Moore, D.M., Valentine, D.H., Walters, S.M., & Webb, D.A. (1968). Flora Europaea. Volume 2. Rosaceae to Umbelliferae. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 270 – 282.
I thought I found one on the Bulgarian side, above the Osogovo Inn, on the trail going to Ryan just a couple of weeks ago… another sign of climate change, I suppose, since I am finding throughout the region things that should not be blooming now (for ex. Potentilla, various Buglopss, etc.). Allen Thiher
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I thought I found one on the Bulgarian side, above the Osogovo Inn, on the trail going to Ryan just a couple of weeks ago… another sign of climate change, I suppose, since I am finding throughout the region things that should not be blooming now (for ex. Potentilla, various Buglopss, etc.). Allen Thiher
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Yes, the weather is still mild with no/light frosts, many species were blooming just a couple of weeks ago even at elevation of over 1500 m (Ponikva region), e.g. Potentilla aurea, Ranunculus, Viola gracilis etc. According to the location (Ruen region), the yellow Viola you saw may as well be Viola orbelica or a yellow form of Viola gracilis. Trajche Dimitrovski.
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Thanks for the ideas. I looked at them on the web, and I think I saw V. tricolor because of the morphology of the corolla and the purple dot-like center of flower. Bright yellow. Can the blooming of plants normally blooming in spring (geraniums) and summer (potentilla, etc.) be due to a genetic response to the prolongation of warm spring-like weather? allen thiher
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I suppose genetics are involved, as a stress factor is needed to stimulate flowering, or reblooming in this case. However, what I’ve also observed is that some native spring/ early summer species given the right conditions can rebloom past the main period in secondary flushes, which of course, are not nearly as intensive. Weather conditions do play a key role. For example, Geum coccineum, a spring/early summer plant in the subalpine belt of Osogovo in 2021 only bloomed during May- June, as higher temperatures and extreme drought prevented second flushes. In contrast, this year, because of the cooler and wetter conditions it rebloomed sporadically until September. Regarding Violas, they do like cooler weather, so I suppose it is not that unusual to see them in bloom in these conditions? Especially those from the sect. Melanium (V. tricolor and similar species). During September/ October I observed young Viola plants with yellow flowers starting to bloom, I suppose a similar thing happens with V. tricolor. Regarding V. tricolor, a perennial form – V. tricolor subsp. macedonica was in full bloom even in September. V. gracilis, another species was in bloom from early May until November.
Is there a viola tricolor in a nearly all yellow morph? Allen Thiher
Yes, specimens with yellow petals do occur in the Osogovo region, although not as frequently as the purple/blue form.
I thought I found one on the Bulgarian side, above the Osogovo Inn, on the trail going to Ryan just a couple of weeks ago… another sign of climate change, I suppose, since I am finding throughout the region things that should not be blooming now (for ex. Potentilla, various Buglopss, etc.). Allen Thiher
I thought I found one on the Bulgarian side, above the Osogovo Inn, on the trail going to Ryan just a couple of weeks ago… another sign of climate change, I suppose, since I am finding throughout the region things that should not be blooming now (for ex. Potentilla, various Buglopss, etc.). Allen Thiher
Yes, the weather is still mild with no/light frosts, many species were blooming just a couple of weeks ago even at elevation of over 1500 m (Ponikva region), e.g. Potentilla aurea, Ranunculus, Viola gracilis etc. According to the location (Ruen region), the yellow Viola you saw may as well be Viola orbelica or a yellow form of Viola gracilis. Trajche Dimitrovski.
Thanks for the ideas. I looked at them on the web, and I think I saw V. tricolor because of the morphology of the corolla and the purple dot-like center of flower. Bright yellow. Can the blooming of plants normally blooming in spring (geraniums) and summer (potentilla, etc.) be due to a genetic response to the prolongation of warm spring-like weather? allen thiher
I suppose genetics are involved, as a stress factor is needed to stimulate flowering, or reblooming in this case. However, what I’ve also observed is that some native spring/ early summer species given the right conditions can rebloom past the main period in secondary flushes, which of course, are not nearly as intensive. Weather conditions do play a key role. For example, Geum coccineum, a spring/early summer plant in the subalpine belt of Osogovo in 2021 only bloomed during May- June, as higher temperatures and extreme drought prevented second flushes. In contrast, this year, because of the cooler and wetter conditions it rebloomed sporadically until September. Regarding Violas, they do like cooler weather, so I suppose it is not that unusual to see them in bloom in these conditions? Especially those from the sect. Melanium (V. tricolor and similar species). During September/ October I observed young Viola plants with yellow flowers starting to bloom, I suppose a similar thing happens with V. tricolor. Regarding V. tricolor, a perennial form – V. tricolor subsp. macedonica was in full bloom even in September. V. gracilis, another species was in bloom from early May until November.