– subsp. tricolor: Annual with several stems. Hill pastures, rocky/ stony terrains and gravel.
– subsp. macedonica: Perennial with well developed rhizome and numerous stems, with larger habit compared to subsp. tricolor. Pastures, woods, clearings and edges of forests.
Lifeform: Annual; Therophyte according to the Raunkiær system.
Distribution: Europe to West Siberia and Iran, Iceland according to distribution information provided by the Plants of the World Online portal (Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew).
Habitat: Grasslands and disturbed ground – gravel.
Flowering period: Spring to early summer: APR, MAY, JUN.
Viola tricolor subsp. tricolor – habit in habitat. Region of “Shtalkovichka” River between the villages of “Shtalkovica” and “Ratkovica”, 25.04.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Viola tricolor subsp. tricolor – habit in habitat. Region of “Shtalkovichka” River between the villages of “Shtalkovica” and “Ratkovica”, 25.04.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Viola tricolor subsp. tricolor – habit. Region of “Shtalkovichka” River between the villages of “Shtalkovica” and “Ratkovica”, 25.04.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Viola tricolor subsp. tricolor – habit. Region of “Shtalkovichka” River between the villages of “Shtalkovica” and “Ratkovica”, 25.04.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Viola tricolor subsp. tricolor – habit. Region of “Shtalkovichka” River between the villages of “Shtalkovica” and “Ratkovica”, 25.04.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Viola tricolor subsp. tricolor – flower. Region of “Shtalkovichka” River between the villages of “Shtalkovica” and “Ratkovica”, 25.04.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Viola tricolor subsp. tricolor – flower. Region of “Shtalkovichka” River between the villages of “Shtalkovica” and “Ratkovica”, 25.04.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Viola tricolor subsp. tricolor – flower. Region of “Shtalkovichka” River between the villages of “Shtalkovica” and “Ratkovica”, 25.04.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Viola tricolor subsp. tricolor – flower. Region of “Shtalkovichka” River between the villages of “Shtalkovica” and “Ratkovica”, 25.04.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Viola tricolor subsp. tricolor – flower with spur and calyx. Region of “Shtalkovichka” River between the villages of “Shtalkovica” and “Ratkovica”, 25.04.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Viola tricolor subsp. tricolor – flower with spur and calyx, peduncle with bracts. Region of “Shtalkovichka” River between the villages of “Shtalkovica” and “Ratkovica”, 25.04.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Viola tricolor subsp. tricolor – flower with spur and calyx, peduncle with bracts. Region of “Shtalkovichka” River between the villages of “Shtalkovica” and “Ratkovica”, 25.04.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Viola tricolor subsp. tricolor – flower with spur and calyx, peduncle with bracts. Region of “Shtalkovichka” River between the villages of “Shtalkovica” and “Ratkovica”, 25.04.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Viola tricolor subsp. tricolor – capsule. Region of “Shtalkovichka” River between the villages of “Shtalkovica” and “Ratkovica”, 25.04.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Viola tricolor subsp. tricolor – upper cauline leaves and stipules. Region of “Shtalkovichka” River between the villages of “Shtalkovica” and “Ratkovica”, 25.04.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Viola tricolor subsp. tricolor – upper cauline leaves and stipules. Region of “Shtalkovichka” River between the villages of “Shtalkovica” and “Ratkovica”, 25.04.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Viola tricolor subsp. tricolor – middle cauline leaves and stipules. Region of “Shtalkovichka” River between the villages of “Shtalkovica” and “Ratkovica”, 25.04.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Viola tricolor subsp. tricolor – middle cauline leaves and stipules. Region of “Shtalkovichka” River between the villages of “Shtalkovica” and “Ratkovica”, 25.04.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Viola tricolor subsp. tricolor – middle cauline leaves and stipules. Region of “Shtalkovichka” River between the villages of “Shtalkovica” and “Ratkovica”, 25.04.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Viola tricolor subsp. tricolor – lower cauline leaves and stipules. Region of “Shtalkovichka” River between the villages of “Shtalkovica” and “Ratkovica”, 25.04.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Viola tricolor subsp. tricolor – basal leaves. Region of “Shtalkovichka” River between the villages of “Shtalkovica” and “Ratkovica”, 25.04.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Viola tricolor subsp. tricolor – basal leaves. Region of “Shtalkovichka” River between the villages of “Shtalkovica” and “Ratkovica”, 25.04.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Viola tricolor subsp. tricolor – stem. Region of “Shtalkovichka” River between the villages of “Shtalkovica” and “Ratkovica”, 25.04.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Viola tricolor subsp. tricolor – habit. Region of “Shtalkovichka” River between the villages of “Shtalkovica” and “Ratkovica”, 25.04.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Viola tricolor subsp. tricolor – flower. Region of “Shtalkovichka” River between the villages of “Shtalkovica” and “Ratkovica”, 26.03.2023. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Viola tricolor subsp. tricolor – flower. Region of “Shtalkovichka” River between the villages of “Shtalkovica” and “Ratkovica”, 26.03.2023. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Viola tricolor subsp. tricolor – side view of flower with spur and calyx. Region of “Shtalkovichka” River between the villages of “Shtalkovica” and “Ratkovica”, 26.03.2023. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Viola tricolor subsp. tricolor – side view of flower with spur and calyx. Region of “Shtalkovichka” River between the villages of “Shtalkovica” and “Ratkovica”, 26.03.2023. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Viola tricolor subsp. tricolor – leaves and stipules. Region of “Shtalkovichka” River between the villages of “Shtalkovica” and “Ratkovica”, 26.03.2023. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Viola tricolor subsp. tricolor – leaves and stipules. Region of “Shtalkovichka” River between the villages of “Shtalkovica” and “Ratkovica”, 26.03.2023. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Viola tricolor subsp. tricolor – habit. Osogovo, hilly region between the villages of “Pantelej” and “Rajchani”, 08.04.2023. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski..Viola tricolor subsp. tricolor – habit. Osogovo, hilly region between the villages of “Pantelej” and “Rajchani”, 08.04.2023. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski..Viola tricolor subsp. tricolor – habit. Osogovo, hilly region between the villages of “Pantelej” and “Rajchani”, 08.04.2023. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski..Viola tricolor subsp. tricolor – habit. Osogovo, hilly region between the villages of “Pantelej” and “Rajchani”, 08.04.2023. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski..Viola tricolor subsp. tricolor – habit. Osogovo, hilly region between the villages of “Pantelej” and “Rajchani”, 08.04.2023. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski..Viola tricolor subsp. tricolor – habit. Osogovo, hilly region between the villages of “Pantelej” and “Rajchani”, 19.03.2023. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Viola tricolor subsp. tricolor – habit. Osogovo, hilly region between the villages of “Pantelej” and “Rajchani”, 19.03.2023. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Viola tricolor subsp. tricolor – habit. Osogovo, hilly region between the villages of “Pantelej” and “Rajchani”, 19.03.2023. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Viola tricolor subsp. tricolor – habit. Osogovo, hilly region between the villages of “Pantelej” and “Rajchani”, 19.03.2023. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Viola tricolor subsp. tricolor – habit. Osogovo, hilly region between the villages of “Pantelej” and “Rajchani”, 19.03.2023. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Viola tricolor subsp. tricolor – habit. Osogovo, hilly region between the villages of “Pantelej” and “Rajchani”, 19.03.2023. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Viola tricolor subsp. tricolor – flower. Osogovo, hilly region between the villages of “Pantelej” and “Rajchani”, 19.03.2023. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Viola tricolor subsp. tricolor – flower. Osogovo, hilly region between the villages of “Pantelej” and “Rajchani”, 19.03.2023. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Viola tricolor subsp. tricolor – flower. Osogovo, hilly region between the villages of “Pantelej” and “Rajchani”, 19.03.2023. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Viola tricolor subsp. tricolor – flower. Osogovo, hilly region between the villages of “Pantelej” and “Rajchani”, 19.03.2023. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Viola tricolor subsp. tricolor – flower. Osogovo, hilly region between the villages of “Pantelej” and “Rajchani”, 19.03.2023. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Viola tricolor subsp. tricolor – flower. Osogovo, hilly region between the villages of “Pantelej” and “Rajchani”, 19.03.2023. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Viola tricolor subsp. tricolor – flower. Osogovo, hilly region between the villages of “Pantelej” and “Rajchani”, 19.03.2023. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Viola tricolor subsp. tricolor – flower. Osogovo, hilly region between the villages of “Pantelej” and “Rajchani”, 19.03.2023. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Viola tricolor subsp. tricolor – flower. Osogovo, hilly region between the villages of “Pantelej” and “Rajchani”, 19.03.2023. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Viola tricolor subsp. tricolor – flower. Osogovo, hilly region between the villages of “Pantelej” and “Rajchani”, 19.03.2023. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Viola tricolor subsp. tricolor – flower. Osogovo, hilly region between the villages of “Pantelej” and “Rajchani”, 19.03.2023. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Viola tricolor subsp. tricolor – flower. Osogovo, hilly region between the villages of “Pantelej” and “Rajchani”, 19.03.2023. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Viola tricolor subsp. tricolor – flower. Osogovo, hilly region between the villages of “Pantelej” and “Rajchani”, 19.03.2023. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Viola tricolor subsp. tricolor – flower. Osogovo, hilly region between the villages of “Pantelej” and “Rajchani”, 19.03.2023. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Viola tricolor subsp. tricolor – flower. Osogovo, hilly region between the villages of “Pantelej” and “Rajchani”, 19.03.2023. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Viola tricolor subsp. tricolor – flower. Osogovo, hilly region between the villages of “Pantelej” and “Rajchani”, 19.03.2023. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Viola tricolor subsp. tricolor – flower. Osogovo, hilly region between the villages of “Pantelej” and “Rajchani”, 19.03.2023. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Viola tricolor subsp. tricolor – flower. Osogovo, hilly region between the villages of “Pantelej” and “Rajchani”, 19.03.2023. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Viola tricolor subsp. tricolor – flower. Osogovo, hilly region between the villages of “Pantelej” and “Rajchani”, 19.03.2023. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Viola tricolor subsp. tricolor – flower. Osogovo, hilly region between the villages of “Pantelej” and “Rajchani”, 19.03.2023. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Viola tricolor subsp. tricolor – flower. Osogovo, hilly region between the villages of “Pantelej” and “Rajchani”, 19.03.2023. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Viola tricolor subsp. tricolor – stem with leaves and stipules. Osogovo, hilly region between the villages of “Pantelej” and “Rajchani”, 19.03.2023. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Viola tricolor subsp. tricolor – lower part of peduncle and stipule. Osogovo, hilly region between the villages of “Pantelej” and “Rajchani”, 19.03.2023. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Viola tricolor subsp. tricolor – stipules. Osogovo, hilly region between the villages of “Pantelej” and “Rajchani”, 19.03.2023. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Viola tricolor subsp. tricolor – stem with leaves and stipules. Osogovo, hilly region between the villages of “Pantelej” and “Rajchani”, 19.03.2023. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Viola tricolor subsp. tricolor – leaves and stipules. Osogovo, hilly region between the villages of “Pantelej” and “Rajchani”, 19.03.2023. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Viola tricolor subsp. tricolor – leaves and stipules. Osogovo, hilly region between the villages of “Pantelej” and “Rajchani”, 19.03.2023. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Viola tricolor subsp. tricolor – leaves and stipules. Osogovo, hilly region between the villages of “Pantelej” and “Rajchani”, 19.03.2023. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Viola tricolor subsp. tricolor – basal leaves. Osogovo, hilly region between the villages of “Pantelej” and “Rajchani”, 19.03.2023. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Viola tricolor subsp. tricolor – basal leaves. Osogovo, hilly region between the villages of “Pantelej” and “Rajchani”, 19.03.2023. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Viola tricolor subsp. tricolor – basal leaves leaves. Osogovo, hilly region between the villages of “Pantelej” and “Rajchani”, 19.03.2023. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Viola tricolor subsp. tricolor – basal leaves. Osogovo, hilly region between the villages of “Pantelej” and “Rajchani”, 19.03.2023. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Viola tricolor subsp. tricolor – flower size. Scale in mm. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.
References:
Rod Viola L. Diklić, N. in Josifović, M. (1972). Flora SR Srbije III. Srpska Akademija Nauka i Umetnosti, Beograd, pp. 129-164.
Viola L. Valentine, D. H., Merxmüller, H. and Schmidt, A. Tutin, T.G., Heywood, V.H., Burges, N.A., Moore, D.M., Valentine, D.H., Walters, S.M., & Webb, D.A. (1968). Flora Europaea. Volume 2. Rosaceae to Umbelliferae. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 270 – 282.
