Taxonomic framework
The taxonomic classification and species names on Osogovo nature follow The Euro+Med PlantBase (https://www.emplantbase.org/home.html). The flora of the Osogovo Mountain Massif is treated down to the subspecies level, where applicable.
For the taxa determined under a different name, the accepted name is used in both the Vascular plants list and the taxon profile, with the corresponding synonym also provided. Each profile includes a “Taxonomy” section, where the determination method and current taxonimic status are explained, along with the relevant literature and botanical keys used. All sources are cited in full in the “References” section of the profile.
Example 1. Avenella flexuosa (L.) Drejer (syn. Deschampsia flexuosa (L.) Trin.).
Explanation in profile: “Determined according to the botanical keys provided by Clarke in Tutin et al. (1980) and Cincović and Kojić in Josifović (1976) as Deschampsia flexuosa (L.) Trin., Bull. Sci. Acad. Imp. Sci. Pétersb. 1: 66. (1836). The accepted name in The Euro+Med Plantbase (source: Valdés & Scholz; with contributions from Raab-Straube & Parolly, 2009+) is Avenella flexuosa (L.) Drejer, Fl. Excurs. Hafn.: 32. 1838.”
Full citation example:
“Avenella flexuosa. Source: Valdés, B. & Scholz, H.; with contributions from Raab-Straube, E. von & Parolly, G. (2009+): Poaceae (pro parte majore). Euro+Med Plantbase – the information resource for Euro-Mediterranean plant diversity. Published on the Internet https://europlusmed.org/cdm_dataportal/taxon/b95bb2a7-365a-4e08-9f4c-cb0383c3d987 [Accessed 14.07.2023].”
Deschampsia Beauv. Clarke. G.C.S. in Tutin, T.G., Heywood, V.H., Burges, N.A., Moore, D.M., Valentine, D.H., Walters, S.M. & Webb, D.A. (1980). Flora Europaea. Volume 5: Alismataceae to Orchidaceae (Monocotyledones). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 225 – 227.”
Handling of Non-Accepted Taxa
When standalone taxa recognized in regional/ historical literature are not accepted in Euro+Med, the site follows the Euro+Med treatment. There are instances where in the Osogovo region two forms occur, regarded as separate taxa in regional/ historic literature but not accepted as such and classified under one taxon in Euro+Med. Separate profiles are created for such taxa, labeled using the accepted name, with the synonym also added. The distinguishing morphological traits between the forms are described based on literature date, field observations and specimen measurements from Osogovo. Observed variability, such as occurrence of intermediate forms between taxa is also stated.
Example 2. Valerianella coronata (L.) DC. and Valerianella pumila (Willd.) DC. were traditionally regarded as separate species, but the treatment in The Euro+Med Plantbase does not accept Valerianella pumila as real species, and renders it as synonym of Valerianella coronata. Since both forms occur in the Osogovo region, two profiles are created – one for Valerianella coronata (L.) DC. in the narrow concept (typical form) and second one for Valerianella pumila classified as Valerianella coronata (L.) DC. (syn. Valerianella pumila (Willd.) DC.).
Morphological differences example:
“Typical form of Valerianella coronata: calyx well developed, campanulate, as long as the fruit, conspicuously divided halfway thru in 6 large triangular teeth; fruits 4 angled, oblong, densely villous.
-Valerianella pumila: calyx reduced to a rim or shortly cupuliform, irregularly toothed, much shorter (5 or more times) than the fruit; fruits obtusely 3 angled, hemispherical, glabrous.”
Hybrid occurrence
The site features only hybrids with well-documented parentage and origin, verified through fieldwork.
Taxonomy on complex genera
The taxonomy of complex genera such as Hieracium, Pilosella and Taraxacum on the site relies on morphological traits and traditional concepts (Flora Europea, Flora Srbija and other available sources). However, it may not accurately reflect the actual diversity in the Osogovo region, as only clearly distinguishable variants are featured, which does not represent the full extent of in situ variation.
Literature used for determination
National flora – RN Macedonia
Matevski, V. (2010). The Flora of the Republic of Macedonia Vol. II, Book 1. Macedonian Academy of Sciences and Arts.
Matevski, V. (2021). The Flora of the RN Macedonia Vol. II, Book 2. Macedonian Academy of Sciences and Arts.
Micevski, K. (1985). The Flora of SR Macedonia Vol. 1, Book 1. Macedonian Academy of Sciences and Arts.
Micevski, K. (1993). The Flora of the Republic of Macedonia Vol. I, Book 2. Macedonian Academy of Sciences and Arts.
Micevski, K. (1995). The Flora of the Republic of Macedonia Vol. I, Book 3. Macedonian Academy of Sciences and Arts.
Micevski, K. (1998). The Flora of the Republic of Macedonia Vol. I, Book 4. Macedonian Academy of Sciences and Arts.
Micevski, K. (2001). The Flora of the Republic of Macedonia Vol. I, Book 5. Macedonian Academy of Sciences and Arts.
Micevski, K. (2005). The Flora of the Republic of Macedonia Vol. I, Book 6. Macedonian Academy of Sciences and Arts.
National Flora – Serbia
Josifović, M. (1970). Flora SR Srbije II. Srpska Akademija Nauka i Umetnosti, Beograd.
Josifović, M. (1972). Flora SR Srbije III. Srpska Akademija Nauka i Umetnosti, Beograd.
Josifović, M. (1974). Flora SR Srbije VI. Srpska Akademija Nauka i Umetnosti, Beograd.
Josifović, M. (1975). Flora SR Srbije VII. Srpska Akademija Nauka i Umetnosti, Beograd.
Josifović, M. (1976). Flora SR Srbije VIII. Srpska Akademija Nauka i Umetnosti, Beograd.
Flora Europaea
Tutin, T.G., Heywood, V.H., Burges, N.A., Moore, D.M., Valentine, D.H., Walters, S.M., & Webb, D.A. (1964). Flora Europaea. Volume 1. Lycopodiaceae to Platanaceae. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Tutin, T.G., Heywood, V.H., Burges, N.A., Moore, D.M., Valentine, D.H., Walters, S.M. & Webb, D.A. (1968). Flora Europaea. Volume 2: Rosaceae to Umbelliferae. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Tutin, T.G., Heywood, V.H., Burges, N.A., Moore, D.M., Valentine, D.H., Walters, S.M. & Webb, D.A. (1964). Flora Europaea. Volume 3. Diapensiaceae to Myoporaceae. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Tutin, T.G., Heywood, V.H., Burges, N.A., Moore, D.M., Valentine, D.H., Walters, S.M. & Webb, D.A. (1976). Flora Europaea. Volume 4: Plantaginaceae to Compositae (and Rubiaceae). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Tutin, T.G., Heywood, V.H., Burges, N.A., Moore, D.M., Valentine, D.H., Walters, S.M. & Webb, D.A. (1980). Flora Europaea. Volume 5: Alismataceae to Orchidaceae (Monocotyledones). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Additional literature
Adams, R. P. (2004). Juniperus deltoides, a new species, and nomenclatural notes on Juniperus polycarpos and J. turcomanica (Cupressaceae). Phytologia 86(2), pp. 47-51. https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/40749131#page/1/mode/1up [Accessed 31.12.2022].
Adams, R.P. (2014). Morphological comparison and key to Juniperus deltoides and J. oxycedrus. Phytologia 96(2), pp. 58 – 62. https://www.phytologia.org/uploads/2/3/4/2/23422706/96258-62adams_deltoides_oxycedrus_key_morphology.pdf [Accessed 31.12.2022].
Adams, R.P., Farzaliyev, V., Gucel, S., Leschner, H.V., Mataraci, T., Tashev, A.N. and Schwarzbach, A.E. (2015). nrDNA and petN-psbM sequencing reveals putative Juniperus oxycedrus L. from Azerbaijan, Bulgaria, Cyprus and Israel to be J. deltoides R. P. Adams. Phytologia 97(4), pp. 286 -290. http://www.phytologia.org/uploads/2/3/4/2/23422706/97_4_286-290adams_taxonomy_of_j._deltoides_cyprus_and_israel.pdf [Accessed 31.12.2022].
Adams, R. P., Morris, J.A., Pandey, R.N., Schwarzbach, A.E. (2005). Cryptic speciation between Juniperus deltoides and Juniperus oxycedrus (Cupressaceae) in the Mediterranean. Biochemical Systematics and Ecology 33(8), pp. 771-787. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0305197805000736 [Accessed 31.12.2022].
Ančev, M. and Krendl, F. (2011). Galium sect. Leiogalium (Rubiaceae) in the Bulgarian flora. Phytologia Balcanica 17(3): 291–314. http://www.bio.bas.bg/~phytolbalcan/PDF/17_3/17_3_05_Anchev_&_Krendl.pdf [Accessed 21.06.2025].
Bancheva, S.T. & Raimondo, F.M. (2003): Biosystematic studies of seven Balkan species from genus Cyanus (Compositae). Bocconea 16(2): 507-527. https://www.herbmedit.org/bocconea/16-0507.pdf [Accessed 04.01.2024].
Barone, G., Domina, G., Bartolucci, F., Galasso, G. and Peruzzi L. (2022). A Nomenclatural and Taxonomic Revision of the Senecio squalidus Group (Asteraceae). Plants (Basel), 11 (19): 2597. doi: 10.3390/plants11192597. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9572006/pdf/plants-11-02597.pdf [Accessed 17.08.2023].
Bedalov, M. and Drenkovski, R. (1997). The genus Arum (Araceae) in the F.Y.R. Makedonija. Bocconea 5, pp 781-785. – ISSN 1120-4060. https://www.herbmedit.org/bocconea/5-781.pdf [Accessed 01.05.2023].
Belyaeva, I. (2009). Nomenclature of Salix fragilis L. and a New Species, S. euxina (Salicaceae). Taxon, Vol. 58 (4), pp. 1344-1348. https://www.jstor.org/stable/27757021
Colasante, M. and Rudall, P.J. (2000). Veratrum album and V. nigrum (Melanthiaceae) in Italy: Micromorphology and systematics. Plant Biosystems 134(2):233-240. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/233334633_Veratrum_album_and_V_nigrum_Melanthiaceae_in_Italy_Micromorphology_and_systematics [Accessed 04.07.2022].
Gajewski, W. (1950). The inheritance of specific traits in the hybrid Geum coccineum x rivale. Acta Societatis Botanicorum Polonia Vol. 20, No. 2, pp. 455 – 476. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5586/asbp.1950.022 [Accessed 19.09.2023].
JACQ consortium (2004 ff.) Virtual Herbaria Website at https://je.jacq.org/JE00015591 consulted on 20.06.2025.
JACQ consortium (2004 ff.) Virtual Herbaria Website at https://je.jacq.org/JE00015592 consulted on 20.06.2025.
Kovanda, M. and Anchev, M. (1989). The Campanula rotundifolia complex in Bulgaria. Preslia, Praha, 61: 193-207. https://www.preslia.cz/article/11354 [Accessed 14.09.2025].
Marchenko, A.M. and Kuzovkina, Y.A. (2022). Notes on the nomenclature and taxonomy of Salix fragilis (Salicaceae). TAXON 71, pp. 721-732. https://doi.org/10.1002/tax.12685 [Accessed 06.11.2024].
Melovski, Lj. and Hristovski, S. (2015). First records for seven species and one hybrid for the flora of the Republic of Macedonia. Forest Review 46, pp. 36 – 42. http://www.sf.ukim.mk/izdavacka_dejnost/sum_pregled/forest_review_46_print.pdf [Accessed 03.03.2023].
Milović, M. (2017): The genus Colchicum L. (Colchicaceae) in the flora of Croatia. Glas. Hrvat. bot. druš. 5(1): 20-31. https://hrcak.srce.hr/clanak/264247 [Accessed 03.01.2022].
Skokanová, K., Hodálová, I., Mereďa Jr., P., Slovák, M. & Kučera, J. (2019). The Cyanus tuberosus group (Asteraceae) in the Balkans: biological entities require correct names. Plant Systematics and Evolution 305: 569 – 596. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00606-019-01576-4
Szczęśniak, E., Jędrzejczyk, I., Gola, E.M., Pielech, R., Reczyńska, K. & Świerkosz, K. Polypodium Interjectum And P. × Mantoniae (Polypodiaceae) In The Polish Sudetes. Polish Botanical Journal 60(2), pp. 163–172, 2015. DOI: 10.1515/pbj-2015-0021. http://archive.sciendo.com/PBJ/pbj.2015.60.issue-2/pbj-2015-0021/pbj-2015-0021.pdf [Accessed 04.03.2023].
Teofilovski, A. (2019). Centaura vandasii, Genista pilosa and Ribes petraeum – new species in the flora of North Macedonia. Glas. Hrvat. bot. druš. 7(2): 55-61. https://hrcak.srce.hr/clanak/347613 [Accessed 26.05.2024].
Thomas, S.M. (1983). A taxonomic clarification of Petrorhagia section Kohlrauschia (Caryophyllaceae). Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 87: 55-75.
Vladimirov, V., Matevski, V., Bancheva, S., Delcheva, M., Kostadinovski, M. & Ćušterevska,R.: First report of Erigeron sumatrensis (Asteraceae) for the flora of the Republic of Macedonia. — Fl. Medit. 26: 203-207. 2016. — ISSN: 1120-4052 printed, 2240-4538 online. https://www.herbmedit.org/flora/FL26_203-208.pdf [accessed 13.12.2020].