Dianthus cruentus Griseb.

Taxonomy: Fam. Caryophyllaceae// Genus: Dianthus// Species: Dianthus cruentus Griseb.

Determined according to the botanical keys provided by Tutin in Tutin et al. (1964) and Micevski (1993).

Distribution: Balkan Peninsula to Caucasusu and Iran according to the Plants of the World Online portal (Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew).

Lifeform: Perennial; Hemicryptophyte according to the Raunkiær system.

Habitat: Found in grasslands and pastures, shrubland, edges and clearings of oak and European beech forests, from the Querco-carpinetum orientalis ass. zone up to the subalpine pastures.

Flowering period: Summer: JUN, JUL, AUG (depending on altitude and habitat).

*Dianthus cruentus* – habit. Osogovo – north from Ponikva, 19.06.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Dianthus cruentus* – inflorescence. Osogovo – north from Ponikva, 19.06.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Dianthus cruentus* – flowers. Osogovo – north from Ponikva, 19.06.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Dianthus cruentus* – flower. Osogovo – north from Ponikva, 19.06.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Dianthus cruentus* – bracts and epicalyx scales. Osogovo – north from Ponikva, 19.06.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Dianthus cruentus* – stems with leaves. Osogovo – north from Ponikva, 19.06.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Dianthus cruentus* – stem with cauline leaves. Osogovo – north from Ponikva, 19.06.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Dianthus cruentus* – plant base – lower part of stems. Osogovo – north from Ponikva, 19.06.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Dianthus cruentus* – plant base – lower part of stems and vegetative shoots with basal leaves. Osogovo – north from Ponikva, 19.06.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Dianthus cruentus* – basal leaves. Osogovo – north from Ponikva, 19.06.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Dianthus cruentus* – adaxial side of leaf. Osogovo – north from Ponikva, 19.06.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Dianthus cruentus* – abaxial side of leaf. Osogovo – north from Ponikva, 19.06.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Dianthus cruentus* – habit in habitat. Osogovo, mountain ridge between lake “Gradche” and the gorge of “Orizarska” River, 05.06.2021. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Dianthus cruentus* – inflorescence. Osogovo, mountain ridge between lake “Gradche” and the gorge of “Orizarska” River, 05.06.2021. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Dianthus cruentus* – flowers. Osogovo, mountain ridge between lake “Gradche” and the gorge of “Orizarska” River, 05.06.2021. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Dianthus cruentus* – bracts and epicalyx scales. Osogovo, mountain ridge between lake “Gradche” and the gorge of “Orizarska” River, 05.06.2021. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Dianthus cruentus* – flower buds. Osogovo, mountain ridge between lake “Gradche” and the gorge of “Orizarska” River, 05.06.2021. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Dianthus cruentus* – stem with cauline leaves. Osogovo, mountain ridge between lake “Gradche” and the gorge of “Orizarska” River, 05.06.2021. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Dianthus cruentus* – plant base – lower part of stems and basal leaves. Osogovo, mountain ridge between lake “Gradche” and the gorge of “Orizarska” River, 05.06.2021. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

Dianthus *cruentus* – habit in habitat. Osogovo, mountain ridge between lake “Gradche” and the gorge of “Orizarska” River, 13.06.2020. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

Dianthus *cruentus* (habit). Osogovo, mountain ridge between lake “Gradche” and the gorge of “Orizarska” River, 13.06.2020. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

Dianthus *cruentus* – inflorescence. Osogovo, mountain ridge between lake “Gradche” and the gorge of “Orizarska” River, 13.06.2020. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

Dianthus *cruentus* – flowers. Mountain ridge between Gorge of “Kochanska” River and “Kochanski Dol”, 13.06.2020. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

Dianthus *cruentus* – bracts and epicalyx scales. Mountain ridge between Gorge of “Kochanska” River and “Kochanski Dol”, 13.06.2020. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

Dianthus *cruentus* – stems with leaves. Mountain ridge between Gorge of “Kochanska” River and “Kochanski Dol”, 13.06.2020. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

Dianthus *cruentus* – plant base and lower part of stems with leaves. Mountain ridge between Gorge of “Kochanska” River and “Kochanski Dol”, 13.06.2020. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

Dianthus *cruentus* – epicalyx scales. Specimen from the mountain ridge between lake “Gradche” and the Gorge of ”Orizarska” River, 13.06.2020. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

References:

Dianthus cruentus Griseb. Plants of the World Online, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:153271-1 [Accessed 05.01.2023].

Dianthus cruentus. Marhold, K. (2011): Caryophyllaceae. – In: Euro+Med Plantbase – the information resource for Euro-Mediterranean plant diversity. Published on the Internet: http://ww2.bgbm.org/EuroPlusMed/PTaxonDetail.asp?NameCache=Dianthus%20cruentus&PTRefFk=7200000 [Accessed 28.09.2020].

Dianthus cruentus. Marhold, K. (2011+): Caryophyllaceae. – In: Euro+Med Plantbase – the information resource for Euro-Mediterranean plant diversity. Published on the Internet https://europlusmed.org/cdm_dataportal/taxon/0d7a7fe3-0a97-4e71-8273-f88b633a1f29 [Accessed 05.01.2023].

Dianthus L. Micevski, K. (1993). The Flora of the Republic of Macedonia Vol. 1, Book 2. Macedonian Academy of Sciences and Arts, pp. 360 – 390.

Dianthus L. Tutin, T.G. in Tutin, T.G., Heywood, V.H., Burges, N.A., Moore, D.M., Valentine, D.H., Walters, S.M., & Webb, D.A. (1964). Flora Europaea. Volume 1. Lycopodiaceae to Platanaceae. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 188 – 204.

Last update: 05.01.2023.

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