Xanthium orientale subsp. italicum (Moretti) Greuter (syn. Xanthium strumarium subsp. italicum (Moretti) D. Löve)

Taxonomy: Fam. Compositae// Genus:  Xanthium// Species: Xanthium orientale L.// Subspecies: Xanthium orientale subsp. italicum (Moretti) Greuter

Determined according to the botanical key provided in Flora Europaea Vol. 4 (Tutin et al., 1976) as Xanthium strumarium subsp. italicum (Moretti) D. Löve. According to The Euro+Med PlantBase (source: Greuter, 2006+) this taxon is a synonym of Xanthium orientale subsp. italicum (Moretti) Greuter.

Lifeform: Annual; therophyte according to the Raunkiær system.

Distribution: Native to South and North America, introduced in Europe (Tutin et al., 1976). Naturalized alien in North Macedonia according to The Euro+Med PlantBase (source: Greuter, 2006+).

Habitat: In the Osogovo region this species is a usually associated with disturbed ground; generally found in the ruderal area of the region. Common on waste places, roadsides, cultivated land, corn plantations.

Flowering period: Summer – autumn (JUL, AUG, SEP).

References:

Tutin, T.G., Heywood, V.H., Burges, N.A., Moore, D.M., Valentine, D.H., Walters, S.M. & Webb, D.A. (1976). Flora Europaea. Volume 4: Plantaginaceae to Compositae (and Rubiaceae). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Xanthium orientale subsp. italicum. Greuter, W. (2006+): Compositae (pro parte majore). – In: Greuter, W. & Raab-Straube, E. von (ed.): Compositae. Euro+Med Plantbase – the information resource for Euro-Mediterranean plant diversity. Published on the Internet: http://ww2.bgbm.org/EuroPlusMed/PTaxonDetail.asp?NameId=7530648&PTRefFk=7000000 [Accessed 17.10.2021].