Determined according to the botanical key provided by Richardson in Tutin et al. (1972).
Note: in the Osogovo populations, the indumentum (an important taxonomic trait) is more or less consistent for the stems (glandular villous) and leaves (lanate to villous), while the indumentum of pedicels and calyces somewhat varies – from glandular pubescent (typical indumentum) to scarcely glandular puberulent.
Lifeform: Perennial; hemicryptophyte according to the Raunkiær system.
Distribution: Native to the Balkan Peninsula according to the distribution information provided by the Plants of the World Online portal (Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew) and The Euro+Med PlantBase (source: Marhold, 2011+).
Habitat: Rocky terrains – rock crevices and rock cliffs. Found in the southwestern part of Osogovo, from c. 800 up to 1600 m altitude (“Ratkova skala” region, Visoka chuka -Ponikva, Panagjur peak – Ponikva).
Flowering period: Spring – summer: APR, MAY, JUN.
Scrophularia aestivalis – habit in habitat. Osogovo – “Ratkova Skala” region between the villages of Shtalkovica and Ratkovica, 07.05.2023. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Scrophularia aestivalis – habit. Osogovo – “Ratkova Skala” region between the villages of Shtalkovica and Ratkovica, 07.05.2023. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Scrophularia aestivalis – habit. Osogovo – “Ratkova Skala” region between the villages of Shtalkovica and Ratkovica, 07.05.2023. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Scrophularia aestivalis – habit. Osogovo – “Ratkova Skala” region between the villages of Shtalkovica and Ratkovica, 07.05.2023. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Scrophularia aestivalis – habit. Osogovo – “Ratkova Skala” region between the villages of Shtalkovica and Ratkovica, 07.05.2023. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Scrophularia aestivalis – flowering stem with cymes and leaf like bracts. Osogovo – “Ratkova Skala” region between the villages of Shtalkovica and Ratkovica, 07.05.2023. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Scrophularia aestivalis – flowering stem with cymes and leaf like bracts. Osogovo – “Ratkova Skala” region between the villages of Shtalkovica and Ratkovica, 07.05.2023. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Scrophularia aestivalis – flowering stem with cymes and leaf like bracts. Osogovo – “Ratkova Skala” region between the villages of Shtalkovica and Ratkovica, 07.05.2023. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Scrophularia aestivalis – flowering stem with cymes and leaf like bracts. Osogovo – “Ratkova Skala” region between the villages of Shtalkovica and Ratkovica, 07.05.2023. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Scrophularia aestivalis – flowering stem with cymes and leaf like bracts. Osogovo – “Ratkova Skala” region between the villages of Shtalkovica and Ratkovica, 07.05.2023. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Scrophularia aestivalis – inflorescence – cyme. Osogovo – “Ratkova Skala” region between the villages of Shtalkovica and Ratkovica, 07.05.2023. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Scrophularia aestivalis – flowers. Osogovo – “Ratkova Skala” region between the villages of Shtalkovica and Ratkovica, 07.05.2023. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Scrophularia aestivalis – inflorescence – cyme. with flower and flower buds Osogovo – “Ratkova Skala” region between the villages of Shtalkovica and Ratkovica, 07.05.2023. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Scrophularia aestivalis – flowers. Osogovo – “Ratkova Skala” region between the villages of Shtalkovica and Ratkovica, 07.05.2023. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Scrophularia aestivalis – flower. Osogovo – “Ratkova Skala” region between the villages of Shtalkovica and Ratkovica, 07.05.2023. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Scrophularia aestivalis – flowers. Osogovo – “Ratkova Skala” region between the villages of Shtalkovica and Ratkovica, 07.05.2023. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Scrophularia aestivalis – side view of flowers with calyx. Osogovo – “Ratkova Skala” region between the villages of Shtalkovica and Ratkovica, 07.05.2023. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Scrophularia aestivalis – side view of flower with calyx. Osogovo – “Ratkova Skala” region between the villages of Shtalkovica and Ratkovica, 07.05.2023. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Scrophularia aestivalis – side view of flower with calyx. Osogovo – “Ratkova Skala” region between the villages of Shtalkovica and Ratkovica, 07.05.2023. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Scrophularia aestivalis – calyx. Osogovo – “Ratkova Skala” region between the villages of Shtalkovica and Ratkovica, 07.05.2023. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Scrophularia aestivalis – calyx. Osogovo – “Ratkova Skala” region between the villages of Shtalkovica and Ratkovica, 07.05.2023. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Scrophularia aestivalis – cyme with capsules. Osogovo – “Ratkova Skala” region between the villages of Shtalkovica and Ratkovica, 07.05.2023. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Scrophularia aestivalis – capsule. The calyx is hirsute in fruit; glandular -villous peduncle and pedicels. Osogovo – “Ratkova Skala” region between the villages of Shtalkovica and Ratkovica, 07.05.2023. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Scrophularia aestivalis – the calyx is hirsute in fruit; glandular -villous peduncle and pedicels. Osogovo – “Ratkova Skala” region between the villages of Shtalkovica and Ratkovica, 07.05.2023. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Scrophularia aestivalis – capsule. The calyx is hirsute in fruit; glandular -villous peduncle and pedicels. Osogovo – “Ratkova Skala” region between the villages of Shtalkovica and Ratkovica, 07.05.2023. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Scrophularia aestivalis – capsule. The calyx is hirsute in fruit; glandular -villous peduncle and pedicels. Osogovo – “Ratkova Skala” region between the villages of Shtalkovica and Ratkovica, 07.05.2023. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Scrophularia aestivalis – glandular – villous peduncle and pedicels. The calyx is hirsute in fruit. Osogovo – “Ratkova Skala” region between the villages of Shtalkovica and Ratkovica, 07.05.2023. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Scrophularia aestivalis – leaf like bracts. Osogovo – “Ratkova Skala” region between the villages of Shtalkovica and Ratkovica, 07.05.2023. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Scrophularia aestivalis – leaf like bract. Osogovo – “Ratkova Skala” region between the villages of Shtalkovica and Ratkovica, 07.05.2023. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Scrophularia aestivalis – stem with leaves. Osogovo – “Ratkova Skala” region between the villages of Shtalkovica and Ratkovica, 07.05.2023. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Scrophularia aestivalis – leaves. Osogovo – “Ratkova Skala” region between the villages of Shtalkovica and Ratkovica, 07.05.2023. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Scrophularia aestivalis – adaxial side of leaf. Osogovo – “Ratkova Skala” region between the villages of Shtalkovica and Ratkovica, 07.05.2023. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Scrophularia aestivalis – adaxial side of leaf. Osogovo – “Ratkova Skala” region between the villages of Shtalkovica and Ratkovica, 07.05.2023. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Scrophularia aestivalis – adaxial side of leaf. Osogovo – “Ratkova Skala” region between the villages of Shtalkovica and Ratkovica, 07.05.2023. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Scrophularia aestivalis – adaxial side of leaf. Osogovo – “Ratkova Skala” region between the villages of Shtalkovica and Ratkovica, 07.05.2023. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Scrophularia aestivalis – glandular – villous stem and leaf petioles. Osogovo – “Ratkova Skala” region between the villages of Shtalkovica and Ratkovica, 07.05.2023. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Scrophularia aestivalis – glandular – villous stem, branches and leaf petioles. Osogovo – “Ratkova Skala” region between the villages of Shtalkovica and Ratkovica, 07.05.2023. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Scrophularia aestivalis – glandular – villous leaf petioles. Osogovo – “Ratkova Skala” region between the villages of Shtalkovica and Ratkovica, 07.05.2023. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Scrophularia aestivalis – glandular – villous stem. Osogovo – “Ratkova Skala” region between the villages of Shtalkovica and Ratkovica, 07.05.2023. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Scrophularia aestivalis – lower part of stem. Osogovo – “Ratkova Skala” region between the villages of Shtalkovica and Ratkovica, 07.05.2023. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Scrophularia aestivalis – stem with capsules from the previous year. Osogovo – “Ratkova Skala” region between the villages of Shtalkovica and Ratkovica, 07.05.2023. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Scrophularia aestivalis – capsules from the previous year. Osogovo – “Ratkova Skala” region between the villages of Shtalkovica and Ratkovica, 07.05.2023. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Scrophularia aestivalis – capsules from the previous year. Osogovo – “Ratkova Skala” region between the villages of Shtalkovica and Ratkovica, 07.05.2023. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Scrophularia aestivalis – capsules from the previous year. Osogovo – “Ratkova Skala” region between the villages of Shtalkovica and Ratkovica, 07.05.2023. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Scrophularia aestivalis – habit. Osogovo – Visoka chuka (Ponikva), 08.06.2023. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Scrophularia aestivalis – flowering stems. Osogovo – Visoka chuka (Ponikva), 08.06.2023. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Scrophularia aestivalis – flowering stem with cymes. Osogovo – Visoka chuka (Ponikva), 08.06.2023. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Scrophularia aestivalis – flowering stem with cymes. Osogovo – Visoka chuka (Ponikva), 08.06.2023. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Scrophularia aestivalis – flowers. Osogovo – Visoka chuka (Ponikva), 08.06.2023. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Scrophularia aestivalis – flowers. Osogovo – Visoka chuka (Ponikva), 08.06.2023. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Scrophularia aestivalis – flowers. Osogovo – Visoka chuka (Ponikva), 08.06.2023. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Scrophularia aestivalis – flowers. Osogovo – Visoka chuka (Ponikva), 08.06.2023. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Scrophularia aestivalis – flower buds and leaf-like bracts. Osogovo – Visoka chuka (Ponikva), 08.06.2023. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Scrophularia aestivalis – developing capsules. Osogovo – Visoka chuka (Ponikva), 08.06.2023. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Scrophularia aestivalis – developing capsules. Osogovo – Visoka chuka (Ponikva), 08.06.2023. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Scrophularia aestivalis – calyx of developing capsule. Osogovo – Visoka chuka (Ponikva), 08.06.2023. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Scrophularia aestivalis – developing capsules. Osogovo – Visoka chuka (Ponikva), 08.06.2023. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Scrophularia aestivalis – leaf like bract. Osogovo – Visoka chuka (Ponikva), 08.06.2023. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Scrophularia aestivalis – stem. Osogovo – Visoka chuka (Ponikva), 08.06.2023. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Scrophularia aestivalis – adaxial side of leaf. Osogovo – Visoka chuka (Ponikva), 08.06.2023. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Scrophularia aestivalis – adaxial side of leaf. Osogovo – Visoka chuka (Ponikva), 08.06.2023. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Scrophularia aestivalis – habit. Osogovo – “Panagjur” peak (Ponikva), 20.08.2023. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Scrophularia aestivalis – habit. Osogovo – “Panagjur” peak (Ponikva), 20.08.2023. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Scrophularia aestivalis – habit. Osogovo – “Panagjur” peak (Ponikva), 20.08.2023. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Scrophularia aestivalis – habit. Osogovo – “Panagjur” peak (Ponikva), 20.08.2023. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Scrophularia aestivalis – stem with fruits. Osogovo – “Panagjur” peak (Ponikva), 20.08.2023. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Scrophularia aestivalis – capsules. Osogovo – “Panagjur” peak (Ponikva), 20.08.2023. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Scrophularia aestivalis – capsules. Osogovo – “Panagjur” peak (Ponikva), 20.08.2023. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Scrophularia aestivalis – adaxial side of leaves. Osogovo – “Panagjur” peak (Ponikva), 20.08.2023. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski..Scrophularia aestivalis – abaxial side of leaf. Osogovo – “Panagjur” peak (Ponikva), 20.08.2023. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski..Scrophularia aestivalis – lower part ofplant. Osogovo – “Panagjur” peak (Ponikva), 20.08.2023. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski..Scrophularia aestivalis – stem. Osogovo – “Panagjur” peak (Ponikva), 20.08.2023. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski..
