Taxonomy: Fam. Melanthiaceae// Genus: Paris// Species: Paris quadrifolia L. The taxonomic classification is given according to The Euro+Med PlantBase (source: Raab-Straube, 2020+).
Determined according to the botanical key provided by Heywood in Tutin et. al (1980).
Lifeform: Perennial plant. Geophyte according to the Raunkiær system.
Distribution: Native from Europe to Russian Far East and Northeast China according to the distribution information provided by the Plants of the World Online portal (Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew).
Habitat: Damp and shaded places in European beech forests.
Flowering period: Summer: JUN.
Locality: Jamishko Osoe, region of springs of Venechka River.
Paris quadrifolia – habit. Osogovo – Ponikva –between springs of “Venechka” River and “Jamishko osoe” region, 22.06.2025. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Paris quadrifolia – habit. Osogovo – Ponikva –between springs of “Venechka” River and “Jamishko osoe” region, 22.06.2025. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Paris quadrifolia – habit. Osogovo – Ponikva –between springs of “Venechka” River and “Jamishko osoe” region, 22.06.2025. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Paris quadrifolia – habit. Osogovo – Ponikva –between springs of “Venechka” River and “Jamishko osoe” region, 22.06.2025. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Paris quadrifolia – habit. Osogovo – Ponikva –between springs of “Venechka” River and “Jamishko osoe” region, 22.06.2025. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Paris quadrifolia – leaves and flower. Osogovo – Ponikva –between springs of “Venechka” River and “Jamishko osoe” region, 22.06.2025. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Paris quadrifolia – leaves and flower. Osogovo – Ponikva –between springs of “Venechka” River and “Jamishko osoe” region, 22.06.2025. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Paris quadrifolia – flower. Osogovo – Ponikva –between springs of “Venechka” River and “Jamishko osoe” region, 22.06.2025. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Paris quadrifolia – flower. Osogovo – Ponikva –between springs of “Venechka” River and “Jamishko osoe” region, 22.06.2025. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Paris quadrifolia – flower. Osogovo – Ponikva –between springs of “Venechka” River and “Jamishko osoe” region, 22.06.2025. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Paris quadrifolia – flower. Osogovo – Ponikva –between springs of “Venechka” River and “Jamishko osoe” region, 22.06.2025. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Paris quadrifolia – flower. Osogovo – Ponikva –between springs of “Venechka” River and “Jamishko osoe” region, 22.06.2025. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Paris quadrifolia – flower. Osogovo – Ponikva –between springs of “Venechka” River and “Jamishko osoe” region, 22.06.2025. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Paris quadrifolia – flower. Osogovo – Ponikva –between springs of “Venechka” River and “Jamishko osoe” region, 22.06.2025. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Paris quadrifolia – flower. Osogovo – Ponikva –between springs of “Venechka” River and “Jamishko osoe” region, 22.06.2025. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Paris quadrifolia – flower. Osogovo – Ponikva –between springs of “Venechka” River and “Jamishko osoe” region, 22.06.2025. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Paris quadrifolia – flower. Osogovo – Ponikva –between springs of “Venechka” River and “Jamishko osoe” region, 22.06.2025. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Paris quadrifolia – flower. Osogovo – Ponikva –between springs of “Venechka” River and “Jamishko osoe” region, 22.06.2025. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Paris quadrifolia – calyx and sepals. Osogovo – Ponikva –between springs of “Venechka” River and “Jamishko osoe” region, 22.06.2025. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Paris quadrifolia – leaves. Osogovo – Ponikva –between springs of “Venechka” River and “Jamishko osoe” region, 22.06.2025. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Paris quadrifolia – leaves. Osogovo – Ponikva –between springs of “Venechka” River and “Jamishko osoe” region, 22.06.2025. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Paris quadrifolia – leaves. Osogovo – Ponikva –between springs of “Venechka” River and “Jamishko osoe” region, 22.06.2025. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Paris quadrifolia – adaxial side of leaf. Osogovo – Ponikva –between springs of “Venechka” River and “Jamishko osoe” region, 22.06.2025. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Paris quadrifolia – abaxial side of leaf. Osogovo – Ponikva –between springs of “Venechka” River and “Jamishko osoe” region, 22.06.2025. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Paris quadrifolia – abaxial side of leaf. Osogovo – Ponikva –between springs of “Venechka” River and “Jamishko osoe” region, 22.06.2025. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Paris quadrifolia – leaf base and stem. Osogovo – Ponikva –between springs of “Venechka” River and “Jamishko osoe” region, 22.06.2025. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Paris quadrifolia – stems. Osogovo – Ponikva –between springs of “Venechka” River and “Jamishko osoe” region, 22.06.2025. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Paris quadrifolia – stems. Osogovo – Ponikva –between springs of “Venechka” River and “Jamishko osoe” region, 22.06.2025. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Paris quadrifolia – stems. Osogovo – Ponikva –between springs of “Venechka” River and “Jamishko osoe” region, 22.06.2025. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Paris quadrifolia – plant in fruiting stage. Osogovo – Ponikva –between springs of “Venechka” River and “Jamishko osoe” region, 01.10.2025. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Paris quadrifolia – fruit. Osogovo – Ponikva –between springs of “Venechka” River and “Jamishko osoe” region, 01.10.2025. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.
References:
Heywood, V. H. 1980. Paris L. In Tutin, T. G., Heywood, V. H., Burges, N. A., Moore, D. M., Valentine, D. H., Walters, S. M. & Webb, D. A. (eds.), Flora Europaea. Volume 5. Alismataceae to Orchidaceae (Monocotyledones). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, p. 71.
