Osogovo nature

Acer campestre L. (syn. Acer campestre subsp. leiocarpum (Opiz) Pax)

Taxonomy: Fam. Sapindaceae// Genus: Acer// Species: Acer campestre L. The taxonomic classification is given according to The Euro+Med PlantBase (Raab-Straube, 2018+).

Determined according to the botanical keys provided by Matevski in Micevski (2005) as Acer campestre subsp. leiocarpum (Opiz) Pax. In The Euro+Med PlantBase (Raab-Straube, 2018+) this taxon is not accepted at the subspecies rank – it is considered a synonym of A. campestre L.

Species variability: Two subspecies of A. campestre occur in the Osogovo region: A. campestre L. subsp. campestre and A. campestre subsp. leiocarpum Pax.

Distinction between subspecies:

– A. campestre subsp. campestre: Leaves 5-lobed, fruits glabrous.

– A. campestre subsp. leiocarpum: Leaves 5-lobed, fruits distinctly hairy.

Lifeform: Tree; phanerophyte (micro- or mesophanerophyte) according to the Raunkiær system.

Distribution: Native from Central Europe to Iran according to the distribution information provided by the Plants of the World Online portal (Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew).

Habitat: Oak forests.

Flowering period: Spring: MAR, APR.

*Acer campestre* subsp. *leiocarpum* – habit. Osogovo – village of Shtalkovica, 13.04.2024. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Acer campestre* subsp. *leiocarpum* – branch with inflorescence. Osogovo – village of Shtalkovica, 13.04.2024. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Acer campestre* subsp. *leiocarpum* – inflorescence. Osogovo – village of Shtalkovica, 13.04.2024. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Acer campestre* subsp. *leiocarpum* – flowers. Osogovo – village of Shtalkovica, 13.04.2024. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Acer campestre* subsp. *leiocarpum* – flowers and developing fruits. Osogovo – village of Shtalkovica, 13.04.2024. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Acer campestre* subsp. *leiocarpum* – leaves. Osogovo – village of Shtalkovica, 13.04.2024. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Acer campestre* subsp. *leiocarpum* – branch. Osogovo – village of Shtalkovica, 13.04.2024. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Acer campestre* subsp. *leiocarpum* – habit. Osogovo – village of Shtalkovica, 06.05.2024. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Acer campestre* subsp. *leiocarpum* – branches. Osogovo – village of Shtalkovica, 06.05.2024. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Acer campestre* subsp. *leiocarpum* – branch with fruits. Osogovo – village of Shtalkovica, 06.05.2024. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Acer campestre* subsp. *leiocarpum* – fruits. Osogovo – village of Shtalkovica, 06.05.2024. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Acer campestre* subsp. *leiocarpum* – fruit (samaras). The fruits are distinctly hairy. Osogovo – village of Shtalkovica, 06.05.2024. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Acer campestre* subsp. *leiocarpum* – twigs. Osogovo – village of Shtalkovica, 06.05.2024. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Acer campestre* subsp. *leiocarpum* – leaves. Osogovo – village of Shtalkovica, 06.05.2024. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Acer campestre* subsp. *leiocarpum* – leaf. Osogovo – village of Shtalkovica, 06.05.2024. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Acer campestre* subsp. *leiocarpum* – adaxial side of leaf. Osogovo – village of Shtalkovica, 06.05.2024. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Acer campestre* subsp. *leiocarpum* – abaxial side of leaf. Osogovo – village of Shtalkovica, 06.05.2024. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Acer campestre* subsp. *leiocarpum* – leaf petiole and stem of twig. Osogovo – village of Shtalkovica, 06.05.2024. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Acer campestre* subsp. *leiocarpum* – branch. Osogovo – village of Shtalkovica, 06.05.2024. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

References:

Acer campestre. Raab-Straube, E. von (2018+): Sapindaceae. – In: Euro+Med Plantbase – the information resource for Euro-Mediterranean plant diversity. Published at https://europlusmed.org/cdm_dataportal/taxon/960ff0e5-e8f8-4b8b-952e-974bf6b48cc2 [Accessed 16.05.2024].

Acer campestre subsp. leiocarpum (Opiz) Pax. Plants of the World Online portal, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:77249142-1 [Accessed 16.05.2024].

Acer L. Matevski, V. in Micevski, K. (2005). The Flora of the Republic of Macedonia Vol. I, Book 6. Macedonian Academy of Sciences and Arts, pp. 1450 – 1462.

Acer campestre L.

Taxonomy: Fam. Sapindaceae// Genus: Acer// Species: Acer campestre L. The taxonomic classification is given according to The Euro+Med PlantBase (Raab-Straube, 2018+).

Determined according to Matevski in Micevski (2005) as Acer campestre L. subsp. campestre.

Two subspecies of A. campestre occur in the Osogovo region: A. campestre L. subsp. campestre and A. campestre subsp. leiocarpum Pax. In The Euro+Med PlantBase (Raab-Straube, 2018+) A. campestre subsp. leiocarpum Pax. is not accepted at the subspecies rank – it is considered a synonym of A. campestre L.

Distinction between subspecies:

– A. campestre subsp. campestre: Leaves 5-lobed, fruits glabrous.

– A. campestre subsp. leiocarpum: Leaves 5-lobed, fruits distinctly hairy.

Lifeform: Tree; phanerophyte (micro- or mesophanerophyte) according to the Raunkiær system.

Distribution: Native from Europe to Iran; Northwest Africa according to the distribution information provided by the Plants of the World Online portal (Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew).

Habitat: Oak forests.

Flowering period: Spring: MAR, APR.

*Acer campestre* subsp. campestre – habit. Osogovo – village of Pantelej region, 20.04.2024. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Acer campestre* subsp. campestre – branches of tree crown. Osogovo – village of Pantelej region, 20.04.2024. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Acer campestre* subsp. campestre – branch. Osogovo – village of Pantelej region, 20.04.2024. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Acer campestre* subsp. campestre – branch with inflorescences. Osogovo – village of Pantelej region, 20.04.2024. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Acer campestre* subsp. campestre – inflorescences. Osogovo – village of Pantelej region (towards Kochanski dol), 20.04.2024. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Acer campestre* subsp. campestre – inflorescences. Osogovo – village of Pantelej region, 20.04.2024. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Acer campestre* subsp. campestre – flowers. Osogovo – village of Pantelej region, 20.04.2024. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Acer campestre* subsp. campestre – fruit (samaras). Osogovo – village of Pantelej region, 20.04.2024. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Acer campestre* subsp. campestre – fruit. Osogovo – village of Pantelej region, 20.04.2024. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Acer campestre* subsp. campestre – twig. Osogovo – village of Pantelej region, 20.04.2024. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Acer campestre* subsp. campestre – leaves. Osogovo – village of Pantelej region, 20.04.2024. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Acer campestre* subsp. campestre – adaxial side of leaf. Osogovo – village of Pantelej region, 20.04.2024. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Acer campestre* subsp. campestre – abaxial side of leaf. Osogovo – village of Pantelej region, 20.04.2024. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Acer campestre* subsp. campestre – stem of twig and leaf petiole. Osogovo – village of Pantelej region, 20.04.2024. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski..

*Acer campestre* subsp. campestre – branches. Osogovo – village of Pantelej region, 20.04.2024. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Acer campestre* subsp. campestre – trunk. Osogovo – village of Pantelej region, 20.04.2024. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Acer campestre* subsp. campestre – habit. Osogovo – village of Pantelej region, 03.05.2024. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Acer campestre* subsp. campestre – branch with fruits. Osogovo – village of Pantelej region, 03.05.2024. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Acer campestre* subsp. campestre – fruits. Osogovo – village of Pantelej region, 03.05.2024. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Acer campestre* subsp. campestre – fruit. Osogovo – village of Pantelej region, 03.05.2024. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Acer campestre* subsp. campestre – leaves. Osogovo – village of Pantelej region, 03.05.2024. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Acer campestre* subsp. campestre – leaf. Osogovo – village of Pantelej region, 03.05.2024. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Acer campestre* subsp. campestre – adaxial side of leaf. Osogovo – village of Pantelej region, 03.05.2024. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Acer campestre* subsp. campestre – abaxial side of leaf. Osogovo – village of Pantelej region, 03.05.2024. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Acer campestre* subsp. campestre – leaf petioles and stem of twig. Osogovo – village of Pantelej region, 03.05.2024. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

References:

Acer campestre subsp. campestre. Plants of the World Online portal, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:77227168-1 [Accessed 16.05.2024].

Acer L. Matevski, V. in Micevski, K. (2005). The Flora of the Republic of Macedonia Vol. I, Book 6. Macedonian Academy of Sciences and Arts, pp. 1450 – 1462.

Papaver hybridum L.

Taxonomy: Fam. Papaveraceae// Genus: Papaver// Species: Papaver hybridum L.

Determined according to the botanical key provided by Mowat and Walters in Tutin et al. (1964), Nikolić in Josifović (1970) and Micevski in Micevski (1993).

Note: The plants from Shtalkovica region have capsule length at the upper limit of the variation scale provided by literature data: capsule ellipsoid to obovoid (9)-14-15-(16) mm long x 7-9 mm wide, up to 1.9 times as long as wide. Stigmatic disk convex, ray 5 to 8.

Lifeform: Annual; Therophyte according to the Raunkiær system.

Distribution: Native to Macaronesia, Mediterranean to West Himalaya and Arabian Peninsula according to the distribution information provided by the Plants of the World Online portal (Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew) – accepted as Roemeria sicula (Guss.) Galasso, Banfi, L.Sáez & Bartolucci. Native to a wider region in Europe according to The Euro+Med PlantBase (Aghababian, 2011+).

Habitat: Disturbed ground.

Flowering period: Spring: APR, MAY.

*Papaver hybridum* – habit. “Shtalkovicka” River, between the villages of Tursko rudari and Shtalkovica, 11.05.2024. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Papaver hybridum* – flower. “Shtalkovicka” River, between the villages of Tursko rudari and Shtalkovica, 11.05.2024. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Papaver hybridum* – outer side of petals. “Shtalkovicka” River, between the villages of Tursko rudari and Shtalkovica, 11.05.2024. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Papaver hybridum* – capsule. “Shtalkovicka” River, between the villages of Tursko rudari and Shtalkovica, 11.05.2024. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Papaver hybridum* – stem and upper cauline leaf. “Shtalkovicka” River, between the villages of Tursko rudari and Shtalkovica, 11.05.2024. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Papaver hybridum* – stems with leaves. “Shtalkovicka” River, between the villages of Tursko rudari and Shtalkovica, 11.05.2024. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Papaver hybridum* – cauline leaf. “Shtalkovicka” River, between the villages of Tursko rudari and Shtalkovica, 11.05.2024. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Papaver hybridum* – adaxial side of cauline leaf. “Shtalkovicka” River, between the villages of Tursko rudari and Shtalkovica, 11.05.2024. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Papaver hybridum* – abaxial side of cauline leaf. “Shtalkovicka” River, between the villages of Tursko rudari and Shtalkovica, 11.05.2024. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Papaver hybridum* – plant base with basal leaves and lower part of stems. “Shtalkovicka” River, between the villages of Tursko rudari and Shtalkovica, 11.05.2024. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Papaver hybridum* – basal leaf. “Shtalkovicka” River, between the villages of Tursko rudari and Shtalkovica, 11.05.2024. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Papaver hybridum* – A: habit. Scale in cm; B: capsules. Scale in cm/mm. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

References:

Papaver hybridum. Aghababian, M. (2011+): Papaveroideae. – In: Euro+Med Plantbase – the information resource for Euro-Mediterranean plant diversity. Published at https://europlusmed.org/cdm_dataportal/taxon/fd6b2def-ba9f-4052-ba36-598fe84da4eb [Accessed 14.05.2024].

Roemeria sicula (Guss.) Galasso, Banfi, L.Sáez & Bartolucci. Plants of the World Online, Royal Botanic Gardens Kew. https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:77319917-1 [Accessed 14.05.2024].

Papaver L. Micevski, K. in Micevski, K. (1993). The Flora of the Republic of Macedonia Vol. I, Book 2. Macedonian Academy of Sciences and Arts, pp. 154 -161.

Papaver L. Mowat, A.B. and Walters, S.M. in Tutin, T.G., Heywood, V.H., Burges, N.A., Moore, D.M., Valentine, D.H., Walters, S.M., & Webb, D.A. (1964). Flora Europaea. Volume 1. Lycopodiaceae to Platanaceae. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 247 -250.

Rod Papaver L. Nikolić, V. in Josifović, M. (1970). Flora SR Srbije II. Srpska Akademija Nauka i Umetnosti, Beograd, pp. 7 – 16.

Vicia sparsiflora Ten.

Taxonomy: Fam. Fabaceae// Genus: Vicia// Species: Vicia sparsiflora L.

Determined according to the botanical key provided by Ball in Tutin et al. (1968) and Micevski in Micevski (2001).

Lifeform: Perrenial; hemicryptophyte according to the Raunkiær system.

Distribution: Native to Italy, East Central and Southeast Europe to Ukraine according to the distribution information provided by the Plants of the World Online portal (Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew) and The Euro+Med PlantBase (source: ILDIS World Database of Legumes, 2010).

Habitat: Edges of oak forests along “Shtalkovichka” River in the region between the villages of Tursko rudari and Shtalkovica.

Flowering period: Spring: APR, MAY.

Vicia *sparsiflora* – habit. Osogovo – “Shtalkovichka” River between the villages of Tursko rudari and Shtalkovica, 11.05.2024. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

Vicia *sparsiflora* – stem with flowering and fruiting inflorescence. Osogovo – “Shtalkovichka” River between the villages of Tursko rudari and Shtalkovica, 11.05.2024. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

Vicia *sparsiflora* – inflorescence. Osogovo – “Shtalkovichka” River between the villages of Tursko rudari and Shtalkovica, 11.05.2024. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

Vicia *sparsiflora* – flowers. Osogovo – “Shtalkovichka” River between the villages of Tursko rudari and Shtalkovica, 11.05.2024. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

Vicia *sparsiflora* – fruiting inflorescence with pods. Osogovo – “Shtalkovichka” River between the villages of Tursko rudari and Shtalkovica, 11.05.2024. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

Vicia *sparsiflora* – pods. Osogovo – “Shtalkovichka” River between the villages of Tursko rudari and Shtalkovica, 11.05.2024. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

Vicia *sparsiflora* – pod. Osogovo – “Shtalkovichka” River between the villages of Tursko rudari and Shtalkovica, 11.05.2024. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

Vicia *sparsiflora* – leaves. Osogovo – “Shtalkovichka” River between the villages of Tursko rudari and Shtalkovica, 11.05.2024. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

Vicia *sparsiflora* – leaf. Osogovo – “Shtalkovichka” River between the villages of Tursko rudari and Shtalkovica, 11.05.2024. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

Vicia *sparsiflora* – leaflets. Osogovo – “Shtalkovichka” River between the villages of Tursko rudari and Shtalkovica, 11.05.2024. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

Vicia *sparsiflora* – terminal leaflets. Osogovo – “Shtalkovichka” River between the villages of Tursko rudari and Shtalkovica, 11.05.2024. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

Vicia *sparsiflora* – adaxial side of leaf. Osogovo – “Shtalkovichka” River between the villages of Tursko rudari and Shtalkovica, 11.05.2024. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

Vicia *sparsiflora* – abaxial side of leaflets. Osogovo – “Shtalkovichka” River between the villages of Tursko rudari and Shtalkovica, 11.05.2024. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

Vicia *sparsiflora* – stipules. Osogovo – “Shtalkovichka” River between the villages of Tursko rudari and Shtalkovica, 11.05.2024. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

Vicia *sparsiflora* – stem. Osogovo – “Shtalkovichka” River between the villages of Tursko rudari and Shtalkovica, 11.05.2024. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

Vicia *sparsiflora* – stem and stipules. Osogovo – “Shtalkovichka” River between the villages of Tursko rudari and Shtalkovica, 11.05.2024. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

Vicia *sparsiflora* – lower part of stem. Osogovo – “Shtalkovichka” River between the villages of Tursko rudari and Shtalkovica, 11.05.2024. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

Vicia *sparsiflora* – A and B: stems with leaves and inflorescences. Scale in cm. C: flowers. Scale in mm. D: pods. Scale in cm/mm. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

References:

Vicia L. Ball, P.W. in Tutin, T.G., Heywood, V.H., Burges, N.A., Moore, D.M., Valentine, D.H., Walters, S.M. & Webb, D.A. (1968). Flora Europaea. Volume 2: Rosaceae to Umbelliferae. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 129 – 136.

Vicia L. Micevski, K. (2001). The Flora of the Republic of Macedonia Vol. I, Book 5. Macedonian Academy of Sciences and Arts, pp. 1202 – 1231.

Vicia sparsiflora. The Euro+Med PlantBase. Source: 2010: ILDIS World Database of Legumes 2010. (copyright © ILDIS). Published at https://europlusmed.org/cdm_dataportal/taxon/1b5bd954-5530-4c68-8388-3b2926902f08 [Accessed 13.05.2024].

Vicia sparsiflora Ten. Plants of the World Online portal, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:525154-1 [Accessed 13.05.2024].

Limodorum abortivum (L.) Sw.

Taxonomy: Fam. Orchidaceae// Genus: Limodorum// Species: Limodorum abortivum (L.) Sw.

Determined according to the botanical keys (Orchidaceae, Limodorum) provided by Moore in Tutin et al. (1980).

Lifeform: Perrenial; geophyte according to the Raunkiær system.

A saprophytic plant (Moore in Tutin et al., 1980). The plant lacks green leaves, and the stem is clothed with scale-like sheaths. According to Girlanda et al. (2006), the species has photosynthetic pigments, but due to inefficient photosynthesis it is specifically associated with ectomycorrhizal fungi, and appears to have nutrition strategy similar to achlorophyllous orchids.

Distribution: Native from Central Europe to the Mediterranean and Iraq according to the distribution information provided by the Plants of the World Online portal (Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew).

Habitat: Oak forests at c. 950 m altitude in the region of village of Pantelej (towards Kochanski dol).

Flowering period: Spring: MAY.

*Limodorum abortivum* – habit. Osogovo – village of Pantelej region (towards Kochanski dol), 12.05.2024. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Limodorum abortivum* – inflorescence. Osogovo – village of Pantelej region (towards Kochanski dol), 12.05.2024. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Limodorum abortivum* – flowers. Osogovo – village of Pantelej region (towards Kochanski dol), 12.05.2024. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Limodorum abortivum* – flower. Osogovo – village of Pantelej region (towards Kochanski dol), 12.05.2024. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Limodorum abortivum* – side view of flower and bract. Osogovo – village of Pantelej region (towards Kochanski dol), 12.05.2024. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Limodorum abortivum* – side view of flower with spur and ovary; bract. Osogovo – village of Pantelej region (towards Kochanski dol), 12.05.2024. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Limodorum abortivum* – spur and ovary. Osogovo – village of Pantelej region (towards Kochanski dol), 12.05.2024. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Limodorum abortivum* – bracts. Osogovo – village of Pantelej region (towards Kochanski dol), 12.05.2024. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Limodorum abortivum* – developing capsule. Osogovo – village of Pantelej region (towards Kochanski dol), 12.05.2024. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Limodorum abortivum* – stem with scales. Osogovo – village of Pantelej region (towards Kochanski dol), 12.05.2024. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Limodorum abortivum* – stem and scale. Osogovo – village of Pantelej region (towards Kochanski dol), 12.05.2024. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Limodorum abortivum* – scale. Osogovo – village of Pantelej region (towards Kochanski dol), 12.05.2024. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Limodorum abortivum* – habit. Osogovo – village of Pantelej region (towards Kochanski dol), 03.05.2024. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Limodorum abortivum* – inflorescence. Osogovo – village of Pantelej region (towards Kochanski dol), 03.05.2024. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Limodorum abortivum* – flower buds. Osogovo – village of Pantelej region (towards Kochanski dol), 03.05.2024. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Limodorum abortivum* – flower. Osogovo – village of Pantelej region (towards Kochanski dol), 03.05.2024. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Limodorum abortivum* – side view of flower; bract. Osogovo – village of Pantelej region (towards Kochanski dol), 03.05.2024. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Limodorum abortivum* – side view of flower – spur and ovary. Osogovo – village of Pantelej region (towards Kochanski dol), 03.05.2024. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Limodorum abortivum* – bracts. Osogovo – village of Pantelej region (towards Kochanski dol), 03.05.2024. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Limodorum abortivum* – scales. Osogovo – village of Pantelej region (towards Kochanski dol), 03.05.2024. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

References:

Girlanda, M., Selosse, M.A., Cafasso, D., Brilli, F., Delfine, S., Fabbian, R., Ghignone, S., Pinelli, P., Segreto, R., Loreto, F., Cozzolino, S. and Perotto, S. (2006). Inefficient photosynthesis in the Mediterranean orchid Limodorum abortivum is mirrored by specific association to ectomycorrhizal Russulaceae. Molecular Ecology 15(2): 491-504. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-294X.2005.02770.x

Limodorum abortivum (L.) Sw. Plants of the World Online portal, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:640520-1 [Accessed 12.05.2024].

Limodorum Boehmer. Moore, D.M. in Tutin, T.G., Heywood, V.H., Burges, N.A., Moore, D.M., Valentine, D.H., Walters, S.M. & Webb, D.A. (1980). Flora Europaea. Volume 5: Alismataceae to Orchidaceae (Monocotyledones). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 329.

Orchidaceae – key to genera. Moore, D.M. in Tutin, T.G., Heywood, V.H., Burges, N.A., Moore, D.M., Valentine, D.H., Walters, S.M. & Webb, D.A. (1980). Flora Europaea. Volume 5: Alismataceae to Orchidaceae (Monocotyledones). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 325 – 326.

Platanthera chlorantha (Custer) Rchb.

Taxonomy: Fam. Orchidaceae// Genus: Platanthera// Species: Platanthera chlorantha (Custer) Rchb.

Determined according to the botanical key provided by Webb in Tutin et al. (1980).

Lifeform: Perrenial; geophyte according to the Raunkiær system.

Distribution: Native from Europe to Iran according to the distribution information provided by the Plants of the World Online portal (Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew).

Habitat: Oak forests – on somewhat shaded locations among trees.

Flowering period: Spring: MAY.

*Platanthera chlorantha* – habit. Osogovo – village of Pantelej region (towards Kochanski dol), 12.05.2024. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Platanthera chlorantha* – inflorescence. Osogovo – village of Pantelej region (towards Kochanski dol), 12.05.2024. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Platanthera chlorantha* – inflorescen. Osogovo – village of Pantelej region (towards Kochanski dol), 12.05.2024. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Platanthera chlorantha* – flowers. Osogovo – village of Pantelej region (towards Kochanski dol), 12.05.2024. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Platanthera chlorantha* – flower. Osogovo – village of Pantelej region (towards Kochanski dol), 12.05.2024. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Platanthera chlorantha* – side view of flower with ovary and spur; bract. Osogovo – village of Pantelej region (towards Kochanski dol), 12.05.2024. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Platanthera chlorantha* – flower buds. Osogovo – village of Pantelej region (towards Kochanski dol), 12.05.2024. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Platanthera chlorantha* – flower bud. Osogovo – village of Pantelej region (towards Kochanski dol), 12.05.2024. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Platanthera chlorantha* – stem with cauline leaves. Osogovo – village of Pantelej region (towards Kochanski dol), 12.05.2024. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Platanthera chlorantha* – adaxial side of cauline leaf. Osogovo – village of Pantelej region (towards Kochanski dol), 12.05.2024. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Platanthera chlorantha* – abaxial side of cauline leaf. Osogovo – village of Pantelej region (towards Kochanski dol), 12.05.2024. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Platanthera chlorantha* – stem. Osogovo – village of Pantelej region (towards Kochanski dol), 12.05.2024. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Platanthera chlorantha* – basal laves nd lower cauline leaves. Osogovo – village of Pantelej region (towards Kochanski dol), 12.05.2024. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Platanthera chlorantha* – basal leaves. Osogovo – village of Pantelej region (towards Kochanski dol), 12.05.2024. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Platanthera chlorantha* – adaxial side of basal leaf. Osogovo – village of Pantelej region (towards Kochanski dol), 12.05.2024. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Platanthera chlorantha* – abaxial side of basal leaf. Osogovo – village of Pantelej region (towards Kochanski dol), 12.05.2024. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Platanthera chlorantha* – tubers. Osogovo – village of Pantelej region (towards Kochanski dol), 12.05.2024. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Platanthera chlorantha* – flower. Scale in mm. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Platanthera chlorantha* – developing plant. Osogovo – village of Pantelej region (towards Kochanski dol), 20.04.2024. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Platanthera chlorantha* – capsules from the previous season. Osogovo – village of Pantelej region (towards Kochanski dol), 20.04.2024. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

References:

Platanthera chlorantha (Custer) Rchb. Plants of the World Online portal, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:651693-1 [Accessed 12.05.2024].

Platanthera L. C. M. Richard. Webb, D.A. in Tutin, T.G., Heywood, V.H., Burges, N.A., Moore, D.M., Valentine, D.H., Walters, S.M. & Webb, D.A. (1980). Flora Europaea. Volume 5: Alismataceae to Orchidaceae (Monocotyledones). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 331 – 332.

Syringa vulgaris L.

Taxonomy: Fam. Oleaceae// Genus: Syringa// Species: Syringa vulgaris L.

Determined according to the botanical keys provided by Matevski in Matevski, 2010 (Oleaceae – key to genera and Syringa L.) and Tutin (Oleaceae – key to genera) and Green (Syringa L.) in Tutin et al. (1972).

Lifeform: Perennial – shrub or small tree; nanophanerophyte according to the Raunkiær system.

Distribution: Native to Southeast Europe – Balkan Peninsula and Romania according to the distribution information provided by the Plants of the World Online portal (Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew) and The Euro+Med PlantBase (Raab-Straube, 2022+).

Habitat: S. vulgaris is native to the Osogovo region, and it is also a common plant in cultivation. In its natural habitat it is found in river gorges, rocky terrains and thermophilus sites in oak forests. Also sporadically found as a garden escape.

Flowering period: Spring: APR, MAY.

*Syringa vulgaris* – habit. Osogovo – gorge of “Kochanska” River, 10.04.2024. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Syringa vulgaris* – branches with inflorescences. Osogovo – gorge of “Kochanska” River, 10.04.2024. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Syringa vulgaris* – inflorescence. Osogovo – gorge of “Kochanska” River, 10.04.2024. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Syringa vulgaris* – flowers. Osogovo – gorge of “Kochanska” River, 10.04.2024. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Syringa vulgaris* – flower. Osogovo – gorge of “Kochanska” River, 10.04.2024. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Syringa vulgaris* – side view of flowers with calyx. Osogovo – gorge of “Kochanska” River, 10.04.2024. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Syringa vulgaris* – twigs. Osogovo – gorge of “Kochanska” River, 10.04.2024. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Syringa vulgaris* – leaves. Osogovo – gorge of “Kochanska” River, 10.04.2024. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Syringa vulgaris* – adaxial side of leaf. Osogovo – gorge of “Kochanska” River, 10.04.2024. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Syringa vulgaris* – abaxial side of leaf. Osogovo – gorge of “Kochanska” River, 10.04.2024. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Syringa vulgaris* – branch. Osogovo – gorge of “Kochanska” River, 10.04.2024. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Syringa vulgaris* – canes. Osogovo – gorge of “Kochanska” River, 10.04.2024. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Syringa vulgaris* – bark. Osogovo – gorge of “Kochanska” River, 10.04.2024. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

References:

Syringa L. Green, P.S. in Tutin, T.G., Heywood, V.H., Burges, N.A., Moore, D.M., Valentine, D.H., Walters, S.M. & Webb, D.A. (1964). Flora Europaea. Volume 3. Diapensiaceae to Myoporaceae. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 54.

Syringa L. Matevski, V. in Matevski, V. (2010). The Flora of the Republic of Macedonia Vol. II, Book 1. Macedonian Academy of Sciences and Arts, pp. 21 – 22.

Syringa vulgaris L. Plants of the World Online, Royal Botanic Gardens Kew. https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:289009-2 [Accessed 11.05.2024].

Syringa vulgaris. Raab-Straube, E. von 2022+: Oleaceae. – In: Euro+Med-PlantBase – the information resource for Euro+Mediterranean plant diversity. Published at https://europlusmed.org/cdm_dataportal/taxon/b9cb703a-00ef-4006-9cc5-ca6443325d3f [Accessed 11.05.2024].

Oleaceae – key to genera. Matevski, V. in Matevski, V. (2010). The Flora of the Republic of Macedonia Vol. II, Book 1. Macedonian Academy of Sciences and Arts, p. 15.

Oleaceae – key to genera. Tutin, T.G. in Tutin, T.G., Heywood, V.H., Burges, N.A., Moore, D.M., Valentine, D.H., Walters, S.M. & Webb, D.A. (1964). Flora Europaea. Volume 3. Diapensiaceae to Myoporaceae. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, p. 52.

Scleranthus perennis subsp. dichotomus (Schur) Nyman in Stojanov & Stefanoff

Taxonomy: Fam. Caryophyllaceae// Genus: Scleranthus// Species: Scleranthus perennis L.// Subspecies: Scleranthus perennis subsp. dichotomus (Schur) Nyman in Stojanov & Stefanoff.

Determined according to the botanical key provided by Sell in Tutin et al. (1964) and Micevski (1993).

Lifeform: Perennial; chamaephyte according to the Raunkiær system.

Distribution: Native from Southeast Europe to Türkiye according to distribution information provided by the Plants of the Plants of the World Online portal (Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew). Also native to Italy and South Central Europe according to the Euro+Med Plant Base (Marhold, 2011+).

Habitat: Rocky terrains, stony and disturbed ground.

Flowering period: Spring to summer: APR, MAY, JUN.

*Scleranthus perennis* subsp. *dichotomus* – habit. Osogovo – near village of Rajchani, 30.04.2023. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Scleranthus polycarpos* – dichotomously branched stems. Osogovo – near village of Rajchani, 30.04.2023. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Scleranthus perennis* subsp. *dichotomus* – flowering stems with flowers. Osogovo – near village of Rajchani, 30.04.2023. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Scleranthus perennis* subsp. *dichotomus* – flowers. Osogovo – near village of Rajchani, 30.04.2023. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Scleranthus perennis* subsp. *dichotomus* – stem with leaves. Osogovo – near village of Rajchani, 30.04.2023. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Scleranthus perennis* subsp. *dichotomus* – stems with leaves. Osogovo – near village of Rajchani, 30.04.2023. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Scleranthus perennis* subsp. *dichotomus* – plant in senescence. Osogovo – near village of Rajchani, 02.07.2023. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Scleranthus perennis* subsp. *dichotomus* – fruiting calyces. Osogovo – near village of Rajchani, 02.07.2023. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Scleranthus perennis* subsp. *dichotomus* – fruiting calyces. Scale in mm. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Scleranthus perennis* subsp. dichotomus – habit. Osogovo – near village of Pantelej, 03.05.2024. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Scleranthus perennis* subsp. dichotomus – dichotomously branched stems with inflorescence. Osogovo – near village of Pantelej, 03.05.2024. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Scleranthus perennis* subsp. dichotomus – dichotomously branched stem with inflorescence. Osogovo – near village of Pantelej, 03.05.2024. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Scleranthus perennis* subsp. dichotomus – flowers. Osogovo – near village of Pantelej, 03.05.2024. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Scleranthus perennis* subsp. dichotomus – side view of flowers – calyx. Osogovo – near village of Pantelej, 03.05.2024. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Scleranthus perennis* subsp. dichotomus – stems with leaves. Osogovo – near village of Pantelej, 03.05.2024. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Scleranthus perennis* subsp. dichotomus – stem with leaves. Osogovo – near village of Pantelej, 03.05.2024. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Scleranthus perennis* subsp. dichotomus – plant base- stems with leaves. Osogovo – near village of Pantelej, 03.05.2024. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Scleranthus perennis* subsp. dichotomus – A: habit. Scale in cm. B and C: size of calyx. D: stem and leaves. Scale in mm. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

References:

Scleranthus L. Micevski, K. (1993). The Flora of the Republic of Macedonia Vol. 1, Book 2. Macedonian Academy of Sciences and Arts, pp. 278 – 282.

Scleranthus perennis subsp. dichotomus. Marhold, K. (2011+): Caryophyllaceae. – In: Euro+Med Plantbase – the information resource for Euro-Mediterranean plant diversity. Published at https://europlusmed.org/cdm_dataportal/taxon/950aa00e-d977-4d01-a6a7-3126c947e1c4 [Accessed 10.05.2024].

Scleranthus perennis subsp. dichotomus (Schur) Nyman. Plants of the World Online portal, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:77250997-1 [Accessed 10.05.2024].

Scleranthus polycarpos Torner ex L. (syn. Scleranthus annuus subsp. polycarpos (L.) Thell, in Schins et Keller)

Taxonomy: Fam. Caryophyllaceae// Genus: Scleranthus// Species: Scleranthus polycarpos Tausch.

Determined according to the botanical key provided by Sell in Tutin et al. (1964) and Micevski (1993) as Scleranthus annuus subsp. polycarpos (L.) Thell, in Schins et Keller. The accepted name in The Euro+Med PlantBase is Scleranthus polycarpos Torner ex L., Centuria II plant. 16 (1756).

Lifeform: Annual; therophyte according to the Raunkiær system.

Distribution: Native to Madeira, Northwest Africa, Europe to Caucasus according to the distribution information provided by the Plants of the World Online portal (Royal Botanic Gardens Kew).

Habitat: Grasslands, rocky terrains and stony ground, disturbed ground.

Flowering period: Spring: MAR, APR, MAY.

*Scleranthus polycarpos* – habit. Region between the villages of Istibanja and Bezikovo, 28.04.2024. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Scleranthus polycarpos* – stems with flowers. Region between the villages of Istibanja and Bezikovo, 28.04.2024. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Scleranthus polycarpos* – stem with flowers. Region between the villages of Istibanja and Bezikovo, 28.04.2024. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Scleranthus polycarpos* –stems with leaves. Region between the villages of Istibanja and Bezikovo, 28.04.2024. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Scleranthus polycarpos* – stem with leaves. Region between the villages of Istibanja and Bezikovo, 28.04.2024. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Scleranthus polycarpos* –A: habit. Scale in cm. B: fruiting calyces. C: stem with leaves. Scale in mm. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

References:

Scleranthus annuus subsp. polycarpos (L.) Bonnier & Layens. Plants of the World Online portal, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:77250386-1 [Accessed 09.05.2024].

Scleranthus L. Micevski, K. (1993). The Flora of the Republic of Macedonia Vol. 1, Book 2. Macedonian Academy of Sciences and Arts, pp. 278 – 282.

Scleranthus L. Sell, P.D. in Tutin, T.G., Heywood, V.H., Burges, N.A., Moore, D.M., Valentine, D.H., Walters, S.M., & Webb, D.A. (1964). Flora Europaea. Volume 1. Lycopodiaceae to Platanaceae. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 148 -149.

Scleranthus polycarpos. Marhold, K. (2011+): Caryophyllaceae. – In: Euro+Med Plantbase – the information resource for Euro-Mediterranean plant diversity. Published at https://europlusmed.org/cdm_dataportal/taxon/25405e6a-2c6e-4c9c-9817-e615429c8b07 [Accessed 09.05.2024].

Ornithogalum nutans L.

Taxonomy: Fam. Asparagaceae// Genus: Ornithogalum/ Species: Ornithogalum nutans L. The taxonomic classification is given according to The Euro+Med PlantBase (Raab-Straube, 2022+).

Determined according to the botanical key provided by Zahariadi in Tutin et al. (1980).

Lifeform: Bulbous perennial; Geophyte according to the Raunkiær system.

Distribution: Native to parts of the Balkan Peninsula and Türkiye according to the Plants of the World Online portal (Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew) and The Euro+Med PlantBase (Raab-Straube, 2022+).

Habitat: Pteridium aquilinum fields below Ponikva (towards village of Jastrebnik), at c. 1250 m altitude.

Flowering period: Spring: APR, MAY.

*Ornithogalum nutans* – habit. Osogovo – below Ponikva (towards village of Jastrebnik), 06.05.2024. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Ornithogalum nutans* – inflorescence. Osogovo – below Ponikva (towards village of Jastrebnik), 06.05.2024. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Ornithogalum nutans* – fruiting inflorescence. Osogovo – below Ponikva (towards village of Jastrebnik), 06.05.2024. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Ornithogalum nutans* – flowers. Osogovo – below Ponikva (towards village of Jastrebnik), 06.05.2024. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Ornithogalum nutans* – flower. Osogovo – below Ponikva (towards village of Jastrebnik), 06.05.2024. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Ornithogalum nutans* – side view of flower – outer side of tepals with green band. Osogovo – below Ponikva (towards village of Jastrebnik), 06.05.2024. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Ornithogalum nutans* –flowers and bracts. Osogovo – below Ponikva (towards village of Jastrebnik), 06.05.2024. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Ornithogalum nutans* – outer side of tepals with green band. Osogovo – below Ponikva (towards village of Jastrebnik), 06.05.2024. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Ornithogalum nutans* – spent flower. Osogovo – below Ponikva (towards village of Jastrebnik), 06.05.2024. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Ornithogalum nutans* – spent flower with capsule. Osogovo – below Ponikva (towards village of Jastrebnik), 06.05.2024. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Ornithogalum nutans* – scape and leaves. Osogovo – below Ponikva (towards village of Jastrebnik), 06.05.2024. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Ornithogalum nutans* – leaves. Osogovo – below Ponikva (towards village of Jastrebnik), 06.05.2024. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Ornithogalum nutans* – adaxial side of leaf. Osogovo – below Ponikva (towards village of Jastrebnik), 06.05.2024. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Ornithogalum nutans* – abaxial side of leaf. Osogovo – below Ponikva (towards village of Jastrebnik), 06.05.2024. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Ornithogalum nutans* – scape. Osogovo – below Ponikva (towards village of Jastrebnik), 06.05.2024. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Ornithogalum nutans* – base of scape. Osogovo – below Ponikva (towards village of Jastrebnik), 06.05.2024. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Ornithogalum nutans* – base of scape and bulb. Osogovo – below Ponikva (towards village of Jastrebnik), 06.05.2024. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Ornithogalum nutans* – bulb. Osogovo – below Ponikva (towards village of Jastrebnik), 06.05.2024. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Ornithogalum nutans* – A: habit. Scale in cm. B: flowers and capsule. Scale in cm/mm. C: petals, D: outer anthers; E: inner anthers; F: pedicel, ovary, style and stigma; G: width of leaf. Scale in mm. H: bulb. Scale in cm/mm. The longitudinal crest of the mid-vein of both outer and inner anthers is not toothed. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

References:

Ornithogalum L. Tutin, T.G., Heywood, V.H., Burges, N.A., Moore, D.M., Valentine, D.H., Walters, S.M. & Webb, D.A. (1980). Flora Europaea. Volume 5: Alismataceae to Orchidaceae (Monocotyledones). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 35 – 40.

Ornithogalum nutans L. Plants of the World Online portal, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:539382-1 [Accessed 09.05.2024].

Ornithogalum nutans. Raab-Straube, E. von (2022+): Asparagaceae. – In: Euro+Med Plantbase – the information resource for Euro-Mediterranean plant diversity. Published at https://europlusmed.org/cdm_dataportal/taxon/1cae70a8-df5a-484a-8a88-5e4af5d3ab11 [Accessed 09.05.2024].