Determined according to the botanical keys provided by Cannon (1968 in Tutin at al.) and Micevski (2005 in Matevski).
Lifeform: Annual plant. Therophyte according to the Raunkiær system.
Distribution: Native from Europe to Central Asia and Pakistan, Macaronesia, North Africa to Arabian Peninsula according to the distribution information provided by the Plants of the World Online portal (Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew).
Habitat: Grassland, edges of woods and forests, alongside roads.
Flowering period: Summer (JUN, JUL).
Torilis arvensis – habit. Mountain ridge between the gorges of “Golema” River and “Orizarska” River, 04.07.2021. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Torilis arvensis – habit. Mountain ridge between the gorges of “Golema” River and “Orizarska” River, 04.07.2021. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Torilis arvensis – habit. Mountain ridge between the gorges of “Golema” River and “Orizarska” River, 04.07.2021. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Torilis arvensis – inflorescence. Mountain ridge between the gorges of “Golema” River and “Orizarska” River, 04.07.2021. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Torilis arvensis – inflorescence. Mountain ridge between the gorges of “Golema” River and “Orizarska” River, 04.07.2021. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Torilis arvensis – inflorescence. Mountain ridge between the gorges of “Golema” River and “Orizarska” River, 04.07.2021. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Torilis arvensis – inflorescence. Mountain ridge between the gorges of “Golema” River and “Orizarska” River, 04.07.2021. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Torilis arvensis – fruits. Mountain ridge between the gorges of “Golema” River and “Orizarska” River, 04.07.2021. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Torilis arvensis – fruits. Mountain ridge between the gorges of “Golema” River and “Orizarska” River, 04.07.2021. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Torilis arvensis – fruits. Mountain ridge between the gorges of “Golema” River and “Orizarska” River, 04.07.2021. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Torilis arvensis – rays of inflorescence. Mountain ridge between the gorges of “Golema” River and “Orizarska” River, 04.07.2021. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Torilis arvensis – upper cauline leaves. Mountain ridge between the gorges of “Golema” River and “Orizarska” River, 04.07.2021. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Torilis arvensis – upper cauline leaves. Mountain ridge between the gorges of “Golema” River and “Orizarska” River, 04.07.2021. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Torilis arvensis – upper cauline leaves. Mountain ridge between the gorges of “Golema” River and “Orizarska” River, 04.07.2021. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Torilis arvensis – lower cauline leaves. Mountain ridge between the gorges of “Golema” River and “Orizarska” River, 04.07.2021. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Torilis arvensis – lower cauline leaves. Mountain ridge between the gorges of “Golema” River and “Orizarska” River, 04.07.2021. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Torilis arvensis – segments of lower cauline leaves. Mountain ridge between the gorges of “Golema” River and “Orizarska” River, 04.07.2021. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.
References:
Cannon, J. F. M. 1968. Torilis Adanson. In Tutin, T. G., Heywood, V. H., Burges, N. A., Moore, D. M., Valentine, D. H., Walters, S. M. & Webb, D. A. (eds.), Flora Europaea. Volume 2. Rosaceae to Umbelliferae. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, p. 371–372.
Micevski, K. 2005. Torilis Adans. In Matevski, V. (ed.), The Flora of the Republic of Macedonia. Vol. I, Book 6. Skopje: Macedonian Academy of Sciences and Arts, pp. 1650–1655.
