Smyrnium perfoliatum L. subsp. perfoliatum

Taxonomy: Apiaceae// Genus: Smyrnium// Species: Smyrnium perfoliatum L.// Subspecies: Smyrnium perfoliatum L. subsp. perfoliatum.

Determined according to the botanical keys provided by Tutin (1968 in Tutin et al., Umbelliferae: key to genera and Smyrnium L.), Matevski (2005, Umbelliferae: key to genera) and Micevski (2005 in Matevski, Smyrnium L.) as Smyrnium perfoliatum L. According to the taxonomic treatment adopted by The Euro+Med PlantBase (Hand, 2011+), Smyrnium perfoliatum L. includes two subspecies: the nominal subspecies and subsp. rotundifolium, which was traditionally accepted as a separate species (Tutin, 1968 in Tutin et al.).

Lifeform: Biennial plant.

Distribution: Native from East Central Europe to the Mediterranean and Caucasus according to the distribution information provided by the Plants of the World Online portal (Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew).

Habitat: Edges of woods and forests and in wet habitats, near streams and rivers.

Flowering period: Late spring to summer (MAY, JUN).

Locality: “Shtalkovichka” River.

*Smyrnium perfoliatum* – habit. Osogovo – “Shtalkovichka’ River, 03.05.2025. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

Locality: village of Pantelej.

*Smyrnium perfoliatum* – habit in habitat. Osogovo – village of Pantelej region, 23.05.2021. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

Locality: “Kochanska” River.

*Smyrnium perfoliatum* – habit. “Kochanska” River, 10.04.2024. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Smyrnium perfoliatum* – upper part of plant with inflorescence. “Kochanska” River, 08.05.2021. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

References:

Matevski, V. 2005. Umbelliferae (key to genera), The Flora of the Republic of Macedonia. Vol. I, Book 6. Skopje: Macedonian Academy of Sciences and Arts, pp. 1529–1534.

Micevski, K. 2005. Smyrnium L. In Matevski, V. (ed.), The Flora of the Republic of Macedonia. Vol. I, Book 6. Skopje: Macedonian Academy of Sciences and Arts, pp. 1561–1562.

Smyrnium perfoliatum. Hand, R. 2011+: Apiaceae. – In: Euro+Med PlantBase – the information resource for Euro-Mediterranean plant diversity. Published at https://europlusmed.org/. https://europlusmed.org/cdm_dataportal/taxon/090d9685-2969-47da-8681-7d32bed206f1 [Accessed 10.01.2026].

Smyrnium perfoliatum subsp. perfoliatum. Hand, R. 2011+: Apiaceae. – In: Euro+Med PlantBase – the information resource for Euro-Mediterranean plant diversity. Published at https://europlusmed.org/. https://europlusmed.org/cdm_dataportal/taxon/e5c98530-07f6-470c-8780-a807ef1ed57b [Accessed 10.01.2026].

Smyrnium perfoliatum L. Plants of the World Online portal, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:849123-1 [Accessed 09.01.2022].

Smyrnium perfoliatum subsp. perfoliatum. Plants of the World Online portal, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:77225427-1 [Accessed 10.01.2026].

Tutin, T. G. 1968. Smyrnium L. In Tutin, T. G., Heywood, V. H., Burges, N. A., Moore, D. M., Valentine, D. H., Walters, S. M. & Webb, D. A. (eds.), Flora Europaea. Volume 2. Rosaceae to Umbelliferae. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, p. 328.

Tutin, T. G. 1968. Umbelliferae (key to genera). In Tutin, T. G., Heywood, V. H., Burges, N. A., Moore, D. M., Valentine, D. H., Walters, S. M. & Webb, D. A. (eds.). Flora Europaea. Volume 2. Rosaceae to Umbelliferae. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 315–319.

Last update: 10.01.2026.

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