Determined according to the botanical keys provided by do Amaral Franco and da Rocha Afonso in Tutin et al. (1972) Matevski in Matevski (2010).
Lifeform: Perennial, tree; mesophanerophyte according to the Raunkiær system.
Distribution: Native from Europe to Iran according to the distribution information provided by the Plants of the World Online portal (Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew).
Habitat: Native to the western part of the Osogovo region (Matevski in Matevski, 2010), but also frequently planted as ornamental and found as an escape. It can be found in and near settlements and ruderal areas thruot the region.
Flowering period: Spring: MAR, APR.
Fraxinus excelsior subsp. excelsior – habit. Gorge of Kochanska River, 04.04.2025. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Fraxinus excelsior subsp. excelsior – habit. Gorge of Kochanska River, 04.04.2025. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Fraxinus excelsior subsp. excelsior – inflorescence. Gorge of Kochanska River, 04.04.2025. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Fraxinus excelsior subsp. excelsior – inflorescence. Gorge of Kochanska River, 04.04.2025. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Fraxinus excelsior subsp. excelsior – inflorescence. Gorge of Kochanska River, 04.04.2025. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Fraxinus excelsior subsp. excelsior – developing twig. Gorge of Kochanska River, 04.04.2025. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Fraxinus excelsior subsp. excelsior – developing twigs. Gorge of Kochanska River, 04.04.2025. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Fraxinus excelsior subsp. excelsior – trunks with branches. Gorge of Kochanska River, 04.04.2025. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Fraxinus excelsior subsp. excelsior – trunk. Gorge of Kochanska River, 04.04.2025. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Fraxinus excelsior subsp. excelsior – habit. Gorge of Kochanska River, 01.05.2025. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Fraxinus excelsior subsp. excelsior – habit. Gorge of Kochanska River, 01.05.2025. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Fraxinus excelsior subsp. excelsior – habit. Gorge of Kochanska River, 01.05.2025. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Fraxinus excelsior subsp. excelsior – habit. Gorge of Kochanska River, 01.05.2025. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Fraxinus excelsior subsp. excelsior – crown. Gorge of Kochanska River, 01.05.2025. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Fraxinus excelsior subsp. excelsior – branches od crown. Gorge of Kochanska River, 01.05.2025. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Fraxinus excelsior subsp. excelsior – fruits. Gorge of Kochanska River, 01.05.2025. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Fraxinus excelsior subsp. excelsior – fruits. Gorge of Kochanska River, 01.05.2025. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Fraxinus excelsior subsp. excelsior – fruits from previous year. Gorge of Kochanska River, 01.05.2025. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Fraxinus excelsior subsp. excelsior – twigs with leaves. Gorge of Kochanska River, 01.05.2025. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Fraxinus excelsior subsp. excelsior – twigs with leaves. Gorge of Kochanska River, 01.05.2025. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Fraxinus excelsior subsp. excelsior – twigs with leaves. Gorge of Kochanska River, 01.05.2025. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Fraxinus excelsior subsp. excelsior – adaxial side of leaf. Gorge of Kochanska River, 01.05.2025. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Fraxinus excelsior subsp. excelsior – abaxial side of leaf. Gorge of Kochanska River, 01.05.2025. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Fraxinus excelsior subsp. excelsior – trunk. Gorge of Kochanska River, 01.05.2025. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.
Fraxinus L. Matevski, V. in Matevski, V. (2010). The Flora of the Republic of Macedonia Vol. II, Book 1. Macedonian Academy of Sciences and Arts, pp. 16 – 20.
Fraxinus L. do Amaral Franco, J. and da Rocha Afonso, M.L. in Tutin, T.G., Heywood, V.H., Burges, N.A., Moore, D.M., Valentine, D.H., Walters, S.M. & Webb, D.A. (1972). Flora Europaea. Volume 3: Diapensiaceae to Myoporaceae. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 53 – 54.
