The classification is given according to The Euro+Med PlanBase (source: Christenhusz & Raab-Straube, 2013+).
Determined according to the botanical key provided by Valentine in Tutin et al. (1964) and Micevski (1985).
Lifeform: Perrenial; Hemicryptophyte according to the Raunkiær system.
Distribution: Native to Macaronesia, Northwest Africa, Europe to Iran, Altay to West Himalaya according to the distribution information provided by the Plants of the World Online portal (Royal Botanic Garden, Kew).
Habitat: Shady places in European beech forests – recorded in “Jamishko Osoe” region, above “Venechka” River at c. 1300 m altitude.
Polystichum aculeatum – habit in habitat. Osogovo – Ponikva – “Jamishko Osoe” region, 19.10.2025. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Polystichum aculeatum – habit. Osogovo – Ponikva – “Jamishko Osoe” region, 19.10.2025. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Polystichum aculeatum – habit. Osogovo – Ponikva – “Jamishko Osoe” region, 19.10.2025. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Polystichum aculeatum – habit. Osogovo – Ponikva – “Jamishko Osoe” region, 19.10.2025. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Polystichum aculeatum – habit. Osogovo – Ponikva – “Jamishko Osoe” region, 19.10.2025. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Polystichum aculeatum – habit. Osogovo – Ponikva – “Jamishko Osoe” region, 19.10.2025. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Polystichum aculeatum – leaves. Osogovo – Ponikva – “Jamishko Osoe” region, 19.10.2025. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Polystichum aculeatum – leaves. Osogovo – Ponikva – “Jamishko Osoe” region, 19.10.2025. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Polystichum aculeatum – leaves. Osogovo – Ponikva – “Jamishko Osoe” region, 19.10.2025. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Polystichum aculeatum – pinnae. Osogovo – Ponikva – “Jamishko Osoe” region, 19.10.2025. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Polystichum aculeatum – leaves. Osogovo – Ponikva – “Jamishko Osoe” region, 19.10.2025. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Polystichum aculeatum – leaf. Osogovo – Ponikva – “Jamishko Osoe” region, 19.10.2025. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Polystichum aculeatum – leaf. Osogovo – Ponikva – “Jamishko Osoe” region, 19.10.2025. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Polystichum aculeatum – pinnae. Osogovo – Ponikva – “Jamishko Osoe” region, 19.10.2025. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Polystichum aculeatum – pinnae. Osogovo – Ponikva – “Jamishko Osoe” region, 19.10.2025. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Polystichum aculeatum – pinnae. Osogovo – Ponikva – “Jamishko Osoe” region, 19.10.2025. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Polystichum aculeatum – pinnae. Osogovo – Ponikva – “Jamishko Osoe” region, 19.10.2025. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Polystichum aculeatum – pinnae. Osogovo – Ponikva – “Jamishko Osoe” region, 19.10.2025. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Polystichum aculeatum – lower part of lamina. Osogovo – Ponikva – “Jamishko Osoe” region, 19.10.2025. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Polystichum aculeatum – lower part of lamina. Osogovo – Ponikva – “Jamishko Osoe” region, 19.10.2025. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Polystichum aculeatum – lower part of lamina. Osogovo – Ponikva – “Jamishko Osoe” region, 19.10.2025. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Polystichum aculeatum – lower pinnae. Osogovo – Ponikva – “Jamishko Osoe” region, 19.10.2025. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Polystichum aculeatum – lower pinnae. Osogovo – Ponikva – “Jamishko Osoe” region, 19.10.2025. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Polystichum aculeatum – lower pinnae. Osogovo – Ponikva – “Jamishko Osoe” region, 19.10.2025. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Polystichum aculeatum – lower pinnae. Osogovo – Ponikva – “Jamishko Osoe” region, 19.10.2025. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Polystichum aculeatum – lower pinnae. Osogovo – Ponikva – “Jamishko Osoe” region, 19.10.2025. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Polystichum aculeatum – pinnules. Osogovo – Ponikva – “Jamishko Osoe” region, 19.10.2025. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Polystichum aculeatum – pinnules and rachis. Osogovo – Ponikva – “Jamishko Osoe” region, 19.10.2025. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Polystichum aculeatum – pinnules and rachis. Osogovo – Ponikva – “Jamishko Osoe” region, 19.10.2025. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Polystichum aculeatum – pinnules and rachis. Osogovo – Ponikva – “Jamishko Osoe” region, 19.10.2025. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Polystichum aculeatum – pinnules and rachis. Osogovo – Ponikva – “Jamishko Osoe” region, 19.10.2025. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Polystichum aculeatum – pinnules and rachis. Osogovo – Ponikva – “Jamishko Osoe” region, 19.10.2025. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Polystichum aculeatum – pinnules and rachis. Osogovo – Ponikva – “Jamishko Osoe” region, 19.10.2025. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Polystichum aculeatum – pinnules and rachis. Osogovo – Ponikva – “Jamishko Osoe” region, 19.10.2025. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Polystichum aculeatum – abaxial side of pinnules with sori. Osogovo – Ponikva – “Jamishko Osoe” region, 19.10.2025. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Polystichum aculeatum – abaxial side of pinnules with sori. Osogovo – Ponikva – “Jamishko Osoe” region, 19.10.2025. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Polystichum aculeatum – abaxial side of pinnules with sori. Osogovo – Ponikva – “Jamishko Osoe” region, 19.10.2025. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Polystichum aculeatum – abaxial side of pinnules with sori. Osogovo – Ponikva – “Jamishko Osoe” region, 19.10.2025. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Polystichum aculeatum – abaxial side of pinnules with sori. Osogovo – Ponikva – “Jamishko Osoe” region, 19.10.2025. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Polystichum aculeatum – abaxial side of pinnules. Osogovo – Ponikva – “Jamishko Osoe” region, 19.10.2025. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Polystichum aculeatum – petioles. Osogovo – Ponikva – “Jamishko Osoe” region, 19.10.2025. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Polystichum aculeatum – petioles. Osogovo – Ponikva – “Jamishko Osoe” region, 19.10.2025. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Polystichum aculeatum – petioles. Osogovo – Ponikva – “Jamishko Osoe” region, 19.10.2025. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Polystichum aculeatum – petiole. Osogovo – Ponikva – “Jamishko Osoe” region, 19.10.2025. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Polystichum aculeatum – petiole. Osogovo – Ponikva – “Jamishko Osoe” region, 19.10.2025. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Polystichum aculeatum – petiole. Osogovo – Ponikva – “Jamishko Osoe” region, 19.10.2025. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Polystichum aculeatum – habit. Osogovo – Ponikva – springs of “Venechka” River region, 30.06.2025. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Polystichum aculeatum – leaf. Osogovo – Ponikva – “Jamishko Osoe” region, 19.10.2025. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Polystichum aculeatum – leaf. Osogovo – Ponikva – springs of “Venechka” River region, 30.06.2025. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Polystichum aculeatum – leaf. Osogovo – Ponikva – springs of “Venechka” River region, 30.06.2025. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Polystichum aculeatum – pinnae. Osogovo – Ponikva – springs of “Venechka” River region, 30.06.2025. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Polystichum aculeatum – pinnae. Osogovo – Ponikva – springs of “Venechka” River region, 30.06.2025. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Polystichum aculeatum – pinnae with pinnules. Osogovo – Ponikva – springs of “Venechka” River region, 30.06.2025. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Polystichum aculeatum – pinna with pinnules. Osogovo – Ponikva – springs of “Venechka” River region, 30.06.2025. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Polystichum aculeatum – pinnae with pinnules. Osogovo – Ponikva – springs of “Venechka” River region, 30.06.2025. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Polystichum aculeatum – pinnae with pinnules. Osogovo – Ponikva – springs of “Venechka” River region, 30.06.2025. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Polystichum aculeatum – abaxial side of pinnae with sori. Osogovo – Ponikva – springs of “Venechka” River region, 30.06.2025. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Polystichum aculeatum – abaxial side of pinnae in the lower part of the leaf. Osogovo – Ponikva – springs of “Venechka” River region, 30.06.2025. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Polystichum aculeatum – abaxial side of pinnae in the lower part of the leaf and rachis. Osogovo – Ponikva – springs of “Venechka” River region, 30.06.2025. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Polystichum aculeatum – leaf lamina. Scale in cm. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Polystichum aculeatum – pinnae. Scale in cm. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Polystichum aculeatum – pinnae wih pinnules. Scale in mm. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Polystichum aculeatum – left: base of lamina with lower pinnae; right: leaf rachis. Scale in cm. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.
References:
Polystichum Roth. Micevski, K. (1985). The Flora of SR Macedonia Vol. 1, Book 1. Macedonian Academy of Sciences and Arts, pp. 65 – 67.
Polystichum Roth. Valentine, D.H. in Tutin, T.G., Heywood, V.H., Burges, N.A., Moore, D.M., Valentine, D.H., Walters, S.M., & Webb, D.A. (1964). Flora Europaea. Volume 1. Lycopodiaceae to Platanaceae. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, p. 20.
