Determined according to the botanical keys provided by Tutin (1968 in Tutin et al., Umbelliferae – key to genera and Foeniculum Miller), Matevski (2005, Umbelliferae – key to genera) and Micevski (2005 in Matevski, Foeniculum Miller).
Lifeform: Predominantly biennial (Tutin in Tutin at al., 1968; Micevski in Matevski, 2005). Based on field observations from Osogovo, some specimens show perennating habit.
Distribution: Foeniculum vulgare Mill. is native from the Mediterranean region to Ethiopia and Nepal according to the distribution information provided by the Plants of the World Online portal (Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew). This taxon seems to be of introduced origin/ naturalized in Osogovo, as it’s occurrence is almost exclusively linked to human activity (near ruderal areas, settlements, roadsides and nearby areas).
Habitat: Plant found throughout the Osogovo region both in cultivation and as an escape – near settlements, ruderal areas, cultivated land and orchards, roadsides and open terrains near roads.
Micevski, K. 2005. Foeniculum Miller. In Matevski, V. (ed.), The Flora of the Republic of Macedonia. Vol. I, Book 6. Skopje: Macedonian Academy of Sciences and Arts, pp. 1584–1585.
Matevski, V. 2005. Umbelliferae – key to genera, The Flora of the Republic of Macedonia. Vol. I, Book 6. Skopje: Macedonian Academy of Sciences and Arts, pp. 1529–1534.
Tutin, T. G. 1968. Foeniculum Miller. In Tutin, T. G., Heywood, V. H., Burges, N. A., Moore, D. M., Valentine, D. H., Walters, S. M. & Webb, D. A. (eds.), Flora Europaea. Volume 2. Rosaceae to Umbelliferae. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, p. 341.
Tutin, T. G. 1968. Umbelliferae – key to genera. In Tutin, T. G., Heywood, V. H., Burges, N. A., Moore, D. M., Valentine, D. H., Walters, S. M. & Webb, D. A. (eds.), Flora Europaea. Volume 2. Rosaceae to Umbelliferae. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 315–319.
