Determined according to the botanical key provided by Tutin (1976 in Tutin et al.) as Galinsoga ciliata (Rafin.) S. F. Blake, Rhodora 24: 35 (1922). The accepted name in The Euro+Med Plantbase (Greuter, 2006+) is Galinsoga quadriradiata Ruiz & Pav., Syst. Veg. Fl. Peruv. Chil. 1: 198. 1798.
Note: Somewhat (superficially) similar to Galinsoga parviflora Cav., which also occurs in the Osogovo region. G.quadriradiata differs in having peduncles with dense patent glandular hairs exceeding 0.5 mm, more hairy stems and leaves, entire receptacular scales and pappus of the achene with aristate scales. G. parviflora has peduncles with shorter erecto-patent eglandular hairs and some sparse short glandular hairs, less hairy stems (especially below) and sparsely hairy leaves, trifid receptacular scales and pappus-scales not aristate.
Both species are not native/ introduced in the Osogovo region and occur as ruderal plants on disturbed ground. G. parviflora seems to be the more widespread of the two.
Lifeform: Annual; therophyte according to the Raunkiær system.
Distribution: Native to Oregon (USA), Mexico to Tropical America according to the according to the distribution information provided by the Plants of the World Online portal (Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew). Introduced in the rest of the world. Not native to the Osogovo region – introduced species, found as ruderal plant.
Habitat: Disturbed ground in ruderal areas. Recorded in village of Shtalkovica.
Flowering period: Summer to fall.
Locality: village of Shtalkovica. Date: 02.11.2025.
Galinsoga quadriradiata – habit. Osogovo – village of Shtalkovica, 02.11.2025. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Galinsoga quadriradiata – capitula. Osogovo – village of Shtalkovica, 02.11.2025. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Galinsoga quadriradiata – habit. Osogovo – village of Shtalkovica, 02.11.2025. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Galinsoga quadriradiata – habit. Osogovo – village of Shtalkovica, 02.11.2025. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Galinsoga quadriradiata – habit. Osogovo – village of Shtalkovica, 02.11.2025. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Galinsoga quadriradiata – flowering stem with capitula and leaves. Osogovo – village of Shtalkovica, 02.11.2025. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Galinsoga quadriradiata – flowering stem with leaves and capitula. Osogovo – village of Shtalkovica, 02.11.2025. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Galinsoga quadriradiata – flowering stem with leaves and capitula. Osogovo – village of Shtalkovica, 02.11.2025. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Galinsoga quadriradiata – capitula. Osogovo – village of Shtalkovica, 02.11.2025. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Galinsoga quadriradiata – capitula. Osogovo – village of Shtalkovica, 02.11.2025. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Galinsoga quadriradiata – capitula. Osogovo – village of Shtalkovica, 02.11.2025. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Galinsoga quadriradiata – capitula. Osogovo – village of Shtalkovica, 02.11.2025. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Galinsoga quadriradiata – capitula. Osogovo – village of Shtalkovica, 02.11.2025. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Galinsoga quadriradiata – capitula. Osogovo – village of Shtalkovica, 02.11.2025. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Galinsoga quadriradiata – side view of capitulum and involucral bracts. Osogovo – village of Shtalkovica, 02.11.2025. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Galinsoga quadriradiata – side view of capitulum and involucral bracts. Osogovo – village of Shtalkovica, 02.11.2025. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Galinsoga quadriradiata – side view of capitulum, involucral bracts and peduncle. Osogovo – village of Shtalkovica, 02.11.2025. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Galinsoga quadriradiata – side view of capitulum, involucral bracts and peduncle. Osogovo – village of Shtalkovica, 02.11.2025. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Galinsoga quadriradiata – side view of capitulum, involucral bracts and peduncle. Osogovo – village of Shtalkovica, 02.11.2025. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Galinsoga quadriradiata – side view of capitulum, involucral bracts and peduncle. Osogovo – village of Shtalkovica, 02.11.2025. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Galinsoga quadriradiata – fruiting capitulum. Osogovo – village of Shtalkovica, 02.11.2025. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Galinsoga quadriradiata – fruiting capitulum. Osogovo – village of Shtalkovica, 02.11.2025. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Galinsoga quadriradiata – peduncles and upper part of stem. Osogovo – village of Shtalkovica, 02.11.2025. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Galinsoga quadriradiata – stem with leaves. Osogovo – village of Shtalkovica, 02.11.2025. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Galinsoga quadriradiata – leaves. Osogovo – village of Shtalkovica, 02.11.2025. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Galinsoga quadriradiata – leaves. Osogovo – village of Shtalkovica, 02.11.2025. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Galinsoga quadriradiata – stem and leaves. Osogovo – village of Shtalkovica, 02.11.2025. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Galinsoga quadriradiata – stem with leaves. Osogovo – village of Shtalkovica, 02.11.2025. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Galinsoga quadriradiata – leaf. Osogovo – village of Shtalkovica, 02.11.2025. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Galinsoga quadriradiata – stem with leaves. Osogovo – village of Shtalkovica, 02.11.2025. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Galinsoga quadriradiata – leaf. Osogovo – village of Shtalkovica, 02.11.2025. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Galinsoga quadriradiata – adaxial side of leaf. Osogovo – village of Shtalkovica, 02.11.2025. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Galinsoga quadriradiata – adaxial side of leaf. Osogovo – village of Shtalkovica, 02.11.2025. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Galinsoga quadriradiata – abaxial side of leaf. Osogovo – village of Shtalkovica, 02.11.2025. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Galinsoga quadriradiata – stem and leaf petioles. Osogovo – village of Shtalkovica, 02.11.2025. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Galinsoga quadriradiata – stem and branches. Osogovo – village of Shtalkovica, 02.11.2025. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Galinsoga quadriradiata – stem and branches. Osogovo – village of Shtalkovica, 02.11.2025. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Galinsoga quadriradiata – lower part of stem. Osogovo – village of Shtalkovica, 02.11.2025. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.
Scaled images.
Galinsoga quadriradiata – developing and flowering capitula, peduncles and capitula with dehisced achenes only with receptacular scales left. Specimen from Osogovo – village of Shtalkovica. Scale in mm. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Galinsoga quadriradiata – capitulum with peduncle. Specimen from Osogovo – village of Shtalkovica. Scale in mm. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Galinsoga quadriradiata – stems. Specimen from Osogovo – village of Shtalkovica. Scale in mm. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Galinsoga quadriradiata – glandular hairs of peduncles under x10 magnification. Specimen from Osogovo – village of Shtalkovica. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Galinsoga quadriradiata – receptacular scale under x10 magnification: base (left), middle part (center) and apex (right). The scales are entire. Specimen from Osogovo – village of Shtalkovica. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Galinsoga quadriradiata – achenes. Specimen from Osogovo – village of Shtalkovica. Scale in mm. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Galinsoga quadriradiata – achene under x10 magnification: hairs of body of achene (left and center) and pappus with aristate scales (right). Specimen from Osogovo – village of Shtalkovica. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.
Tutin, T. G. 1976. Galinsoga Ruiz & Pavón. In Tutin, T. G., Heywood, V. H., Burges, N. A., Moore, D. M., Valentine, D. H., Walters, S. M. & Webb, D. A. (eds.), Flora Europaea. Volume 4. Plantaginaceae to Compositae (and Rubiaceae). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 143–144.
