Taxonomy: Fam. Ranunculaceae// Genus: Actaea// Species: Actaea spicata L.
Determined according to the botanical key provided by Micevski (1985).
Lifeform: Perennial; Hemicryptophyte according to the Raunkiær system.
Distribution: Native from Europe to West Siberia, Iran and West Himalaya according to the distribution information provided by the Plants of the World Online portal (Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew).
Habitat: European beech forests, on shaded places.
Flowering period: Late spring – early summer: MAY, JUN.
Actataea spicata – habit. Osogovo – Ponikva – springs of “Venechka” River, 31.05.2025. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Actataea spicata – habit. Osogovo – Ponikva – springs of “Venechka” River, 31.05.2025. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Actataea spicata – habit. Osogovo – Ponikva – springs of “Venechka” River, 31.05.2025. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Actataea spicata – habit. Osogovo – Ponikva – springs of “Venechka” River, 31.05.2025. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Actataea spicata – habit. Osogovo – Ponikva – springs of “Venechka” River, 31.05.2025. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Actataea spicata – leaves and inflorescence. Osogovo – Ponikva – springs of “Venechka” River, 31.05.2025. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Actataea spicata – inflorescence. Osogovo – Ponikva – springs of “Venechka” River, 31.05.2025. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Actataea spicata – inflorescence. Osogovo – Ponikva – springs of “Venechka” River, 31.05.2025. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Actataea spicata – flowers. Osogovo – Ponikva – springs of “Venechka” River, 31.05.2025. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Actataea spicata – flowers. Osogovo – Ponikva – springs of “Venechka” River, 31.05.2025. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Actataea spicata – flowers. Osogovo – Ponikva – springs of “Venechka” River, 31.05.2025. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Actataea spicata – flowers. Osogovo – Ponikva – springs of “Venechka” River, 31.05.2025. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Actataea spicata – upper leaf. Osogovo – Ponikva – springs of “Venechka” River, 31.05.2025. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Actataea spicata – upper leaf. Osogovo – Ponikva – springs of “Venechka” River, 31.05.2025. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Actataea spicata – upper leaf. Osogovo – Ponikva – springs of “Venechka” River, 31.05.2025. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Actataea spicata – leaf. Osogovo – Ponikva – springs of “Venechka” River, 31.05.2025. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Actataea spicata – leaf. Osogovo – Ponikva – springs of “Venechka” River, 31.05.2025. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Actataea spicata – leaf. Osogovo – Ponikva – springs of “Venechka” River, 31.05.2025. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Actataea spicata – leaf. Osogovo – Ponikva – springs of “Venechka” River, 31.05.2025. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Actataea spicata – adaxial side of leaf (left) and abaxial side of leaf (right). Osogovo – Ponikva – springs of “Venechka” River, 31.05.2025. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Actataea spicata – base of stem and leaf petiole. Osogovo – Ponikva – springs of “Venechka” River, 31.05.2025. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Actataea spicata – habit. Osogovo – Ponikva – springs of “Venechka” River, 22.06.2025. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Actataea spicata – habit. Osogovo – Ponikva – springs of “Venechka” River, 22.06.2025. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Actataea spicata – leaves and developing fruits. Osogovo – Ponikva – springs of “Venechka” River, 22.06.2025. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Actataea spicata – developing fruits. Osogovo – Ponikva – springs of “Venechka” River, 22.06.2025. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Actataea spicata – developing fruits. Osogovo – Ponikva – springs of “Venechka” River, 22.06.2025. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Actataea spicata – developing fruits. Osogovo – Ponikva – springs of “Venechka” River, 22.06.2025. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Actataea spicata – adaxial side of leaf. Osogovo – Ponikva – springs of “Venechka” River, 22.06.2025. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Actataea spicata – abaxial side of leaf. Osogovo – Ponikva – springs of “Venechka” River, 22.06.2025. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Actataea spicata – habit in fruiting. Osogovo – Ponikva – springs of “Venechka” River, 01.10.2025. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Actataea spicata – fruits. Osogovo – Ponikva – springs of “Venechka” River, 01.10.2025. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Actataea spicata – fruits. Osogovo – Ponikva – springs of “Venechka” River, 01.10.2025. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Actataea spicata – fruits. Osogovo – Ponikva – springs of “Venechka” River, 01.10.2025. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Actataea spicata – fruits. Osogovo – Ponikva – springs of “Venechka” River, 01.10.2025. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Actataea spicata – fruits. Osogovo – Ponikva – springs of “Venechka” River, 01.10.2025. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Actataea spicata – fruits. Osogovo – Ponikva – springs of “Venechka” River, 01.10.2025. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.
References:
Actaea L. Micevski, K. (1985). The Flora of SR Macedonia Vol. 1, Book 1. Macedonian Academy of Sciences and Arts, pp. 96 – 97.
