Osogovo nature

Hypochaeris cretensis (L.) Bory & Chaub.

Taxonomy: Fam. Compositae// Genus: Hypochaeris // Species: Hypochaeris cretensis (L.) Bory & Chaub.

Determined according to the botanical key provided by DeFilipps (1976 in Tutin et al.).

Distribution: Native to South Central and Southeast Europe according to The Euro+Med PlantBase (source: Greuter, 2006+) and Plants of the World Online portal (Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew).

Habitat: In the Osogovo region it is found in open and dry habitats – hill pastures, sparse bushland, rocky terrains, clearings of forests in the downy oak-oriental hornbeam belt (Querco-carinetum orientalis macedonicum assosiation), from the lowland up to altitudes of c. 800 m above sea level.

Recorded localities: Gorge of “Kochanska” River, village of Beli, between the villages of Pantelej and Rajchani.

Lifeform: Perennial; Hemicryptophyte according to the Raunkiaer system.

Flowering period: Late spring to early summer (MAY, JUN).

Gorge of Kochanska River, 18.05.2024.

*Hypochaeris cretensis* – habit in habitat. Osogovo – Gorge of “Kocanska” River, 18.05.2024. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

Village of Beli region – 24.05.2021 and 13.06.2021.

*Hypochaeris cretensis* – habit. Osogovo, hilly region near village of Beli, 24.05.2021. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Hypochaeris cretensis* – habit. Osogovo, hilly region near village of Beli, 13.06.2021. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

Hilly region between the villages of Pantelej and Rajchani region – 23.05.2021.

*Hypochaeris cretensis* – habit. Osogovo, near village of Rajchani, 23.05.2021. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

References:

DeFilipps, R. A. 1976. Hypochoeris L. In Tutin, T. G., Heywood, V. H., Burges, N. A., Moore, D. M., Valentine, D. H., Walters, S. M. & Webb, D. A. (eds.), Flora Europaea. Volume 4. Plantaginaceae to Compositae (and Rubiaceae). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 308–310.

Hypochaeris cretensis. Greuter, W. (2006+): Compositae (pro parte majore). – In: Greuter, W. & Raab-Straube, E. von (ed.): Compositae. Euro+Med Plantbase – the information resource for Euro-Mediterranean plant diversity. Published on the Internet http://ww2.bgbm.org/EuroPlusMed/PTaxonDetail.asp?NameCache=Hypochaeris%20cretensis&PTRefFk=7000000 [Accessed 07.07.2021].

Hypochaeris cretensis. Greuter, W. 2006+: Compositae (pro parte majore). – In: Greuter, W. & Raab-Straube, E. von, Compositae. Euro+Med PlantBase – the information resource for Euro-Mediterranean plant diversity. Published at https://europlusmed.org/. https://europlusmed.org/cdm_dataportal/taxon/9d7de79c-7f13-4e7b-8cb9-f481285bb6f4 [Accessed 16.12.2025].

Hypochaeris urens L. Plants of the World Online portal, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:225626-1 [Accessed 17.12.2025].

Last update: 17.12.2025.

Nigella damascena L.

Taxonomy: Fam. Ranunculaceae// Genus: Nigella// Species: Nigella damascena L.

Determined according to the botanical key provided in the Flora of SR Macedonia (Micevski, 1985).

Lifeform: Annual; Therophyte according to the Raunkiær system.

Distribution: Macaronesia, Mediterranean to Iran according to the distribution information provided by the Plants of the World Online portal (Royal Botanic Garden, Kew).

Habitat: Found in rocky terrains, grasslands, sparse bushland.

Flowering period: Spring-early summer (MAY, JUN).

*Nigella damascena* – habit in habitat. Osogovo, hills near village of Beli, 24.05.2021. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Nigella damascena* – habit in habitat. Osogovo, hills near village of Beli, 29.05.2021. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Nigella damascena* – habit. Osogovo, hills near village of Beli, 24.05.2021. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Nigella damascena* – upper part of plant with flowers. Osogovo, hills near village of Beli, 24.05.2021. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Nigella damascena* – upper part of plant with flowers and fruits (capsules). Osogovo, hills near village of Beli, 29.05.2021. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Nigella damascena* – flower bud. Osogovo, hills near village of Beli, 24.05.2021. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Nigella damascena* – flower. Osogovo, hills near village of Beli, 24.05.2021. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Nigella damascena* – flowers. Osogovo, hills near village of Beli, 24.05.2021. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Nigella damascena* – fruits (capsule). Osogovo, hills near village of Beli, 29.05.2021. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Nigella damascena* – cauline leaf. Osogovo, hills near village of Beli, 24.05.2021. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Nigella damascena* – cauline leaves. Osogovo, hills near village of Beli, 24.05.2021. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

References:

Micevski, K. (1985). The Flora of SR Macedonia Vol. 1, Book 1. Macedonian Academy of Sciences and Arts.

Nigella damascena L. Plants of the World Online portal, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. http://www.plantsoftheworldonline.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:711645-1 [Accessed 06.07.2021].

Hypochaeris radicata L.

Taxonomy: Fam. Compositae// Genus: Hypochaeris // Species: Hypochaeris radicata L.

Determined according to the botanical key provided by DeFilipps (1976 in Tutin et al.).

Lifeform: Perennial plant. Hemicryptophyte according to the Raunkiaer system.

Distribution: Native from Europe to Turkey and Caucasus, North Africa according to the distribution information provided by the Plants of the World Online portal (Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew).

Habitat: Pastures, sparse bushland, rocky terrains, in clearings and edges of oak and European beech forests, from 600 to 1550 m a.s.l. Recorded in the village of Pripor region and Ponikva.

Flowering period: Late spring (MAY).

Locality: ridge between the Kochanska and Orizarska Rivers, near village of Pripor. Date: 05.06.2021.

*Hypochaeris radicata* – habit. Mountain ridge between “Kochanska” River and “Orizarska” River, 05.06.2021. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

Locality: ridge between the Kochanska and Orizarska Rivers, near village of Pripor. Date: 04.07.2021.

*Hypochaeris radicata* – habit. Mountain ridge between “Kochanska” River and “Orizarska” River, 04.07.2021. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

References:

Hypochaeris radicata. Greuter, W. 2006+: Compositae (pro parte majore). – In: Greuter, W. & Raab-Straube, E. von, Compositae. Euro+Med PlantBase – the information resource for Euro-Mediterranean plant diversity. Published at https://europlusmed.org/. https://europlusmed.org/cdm_dataportal/taxon/1cc8cf9e-8632-443b-a3a5-9873ca8e60ae [Accessed 20.04.2026].

Hypochaeris radicata L. Plants of the World Online portal, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. http://www.plantsoftheworldonline.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:225575-1 [Accessed 06.07.2021].

Last update: 20.04.2026.

Crucianella angustifolia L.

Taxonomy: Fam. Rubiaceae// Genus: Crucianella// Species: Crucianella angustifolia L.

Determined according to the botanical key provided in Flora Europaea Vol. 4 (Tutin et al., 1976).

Distribution: Native from the Mediterranean to Iran according to the distribution information provided by the Plants of the World Online portal.

Habitat: In the Osogovo region it is found in sparse bushland, clearings and edges of mixed oak forests, alongside roads, from the lowlands up to altitudes of c. 900 m above sea level.

Lifeform: Annual, therophyte according to the Raunkiaer system.

Flowering period: Summer (JUN, JUL).

*Crucianella angustifolia* – habit in habitat. Hills near village of Beli, 13.06.2021. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Crucianella angustifolia* – habit. Mountain ridge between the gorges of “Golema” River and “Orizarska” River, 05.06.2021. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Crucianella angustifolia* – upper part of plant with terminal and lateral inflorescences. Mountain ridge between the gorges of “Golema” River and “Orizarska” River, 05.06.2021. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Crucianella angustifolia* – upper part of plant with inflorescences. Hills near village of Beli, 13.06.2021. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Crucianella angustifolia* – terminal inflorescence. Hills near village of Beli, 13.06.2021. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Crucianella angustifolia* – terminal inflorescence. Mountain ridge between the gorges of “Golema” River and “Orizarska” River, 05.06.2021. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Crucianella angustifolia* – lower part of plant with lateral inflorescences. Mountain ridge between the gorges of “Golema” River and “Orizarska” River, 05.06.2021. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Crucianella angustifolia* – lateral inflorescence. Mountain ridge between the gorges of “Golema” River and “Orizarska” River, 05.06.2021. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Crucianella angustifolia* – stem with cauline leaves. Hills near village of Beli, 13.06.2021. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Crucianella angustifolia* – cauline leaves. Mountain ridge between the gorges of “Golema” River and “Orizarska” River, 05.06.2021. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Crucianella angustifolia* – lower part of plant with lower cauline leaves. Mountain ridge between the gorges of “Golema” River and “Orizarska” River, 05.06.2021. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

References:

Tutin, T.G., Heywood, V.H., Burges, N.A., Moore, D.M., Valentine, D.H., Walters, S.M. & Webb, D.A. (1976). Flora Europaea. Volume 4: Plantaginaceae to Compositae (and Rubiaceae). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Crucianella angustifolia L. Plants of the World Online portal, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. http://www.plantsoftheworldonline.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:747863-1 [Accessed 30.06.2021].

Filago arvensis L. (syn. Logfia arvensis (L.) J. Holub)

Taxonomy: Fam. Compositae// Genus: Filago // Species: Filago arvensis L.

Determined according to the botanical key provided by Holub (1976 in Tutin et al.) as Logfia arvensis (L.) J. Holub (syn. Filago arvensis L.). The accepted name in the Euro+Med PlantBase (Greuter, 2006+) is Filago arvensis L.

Lifeform: Annual plant. Therophyte according to the Raunkiaer system.

Distribution: Native from Europe to West Siberia and West Himalaya, Canary Islands, Morocco according to the distribution information provided by the Plants of the World Online portal (Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew).

Habitat: Usually found in open and dry habitats- rocks, rocky terrains with shallow soil, sandy soil, disturbed ground, roadsides.

Flowering period: Summer (JUN, JUL, AUG).

Locality: ridge between the gorges of the Golema and Orizarska Rivers. Date: 05.06.2021.

*Filago arvensis* – habit in habitat. Mountain ridge between the gorges of “Golema” River and “Orizarska” River, 05.06.2021. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

References:

Filago arvensis L. Plants of the World Online portal, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. http://www.plantsoftheworldonline.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:207840-1. [Accessed 06.07.2021].

Filago arvensis. Greuter, W. 2006+: Compositae (pro parte majore). – In: Greuter, W. & Raab-Straube, E. von, Compositae. Euro+Med PlantBase – the information resource for Euro-Mediterranean plant diversity. Published at https://europlusmed.org/. https://europlusmed.org/cdm_dataportal/taxon/fca6f88c-864a-4da2-8126-19df7b459d24 [Accessed 09.04.2026].

Filago arvensis. Greuter, W. (2006+): Compositae (pro parte majore). – In: Greuter, W. & Raab-Straube, E. von (ed.): Compositae. Euro+Med Plantbase – the information resource for Euro-Mediterranean plant diversity. Published on the Internet http://ww2.bgbm.org/EuroPlusMed/PTaxonDetail.asp?NameId=123442&PTRefFk=7000000 [Accessed 06.07.2021].

Holub, J. 1976. Logfia Cass. Tutin, T. G., Heywood, V. H., Burges, N. A., Moore, D. M., Valentine, D. H., Walters, S. M. & Webb, D. A. (eds.), Flora Europaea. Volume 4. Plantaginaceae to Compositae (and Rubiaceae). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 123–124.

Last update: 09.04.2026.

Leucanthemum vulgare aggr.

Taxonomy: Fam. Compositae// Genus: Leucanthemum // Aggregate/species complex: Leucanthemum vulgare

Lifeform: Perennial plant. Hemicryptophyte according to the Raunkiaer system.

Determined according to the botanical key provided in Heywood (1976 in Tutin et al.).

Distribution: Native from Europe to Russian Far East and Caucasus according to the distribution information for Leucanthemum vulgare Lam. provided by the Plants of the World Online portal (Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew).

Habitat: Clearings and edges of oak and European beech forests. Recorded from c. 900 uo to 1300 m a.s.l. Recorded localities: ridge between the Golema and Orizarska Rivers (05.06.2021; 05.07.2021); village of Pantelej (22.06.2024); Ponikva – Jamishko Osoe (01.10.2025).

Flowering period: Late spring- summer, with secondary flushes into fall (MAY, JUN, JUL – OCT).

Locality: Mountain ridge between the Golema and Orizarska Rivers. Date: 05.06.2021.

*Leucanthemum vulgare* – habit in habitat. Mountain ridge between the gorges of “Golema” River and “Orizarska” River, 05.06.2021. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

Locality: Mountain ridge between the Golema and Orizarska Rivers. Date: 05.07.2021.

*Leucanthemum vulgare* – habit during fruiting stage. Mountain ridge between the gorges of “Golema” River and “Orizarska” River, 05.07.2021. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

Locality: Village of Pantelej region. Date: 22.06.2024.

*Leucanthemum vulgare* – capitulum. Village of Pantelej region, 22.06.2024. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

Locality: Ponikva: Jamishko Osoe. Date: 01.10.2025.

*Leucanthemum vulgare* –habit. Ponikva- Jamishko Osoe region, 01.10.2025. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

References:

Heywood, V. H. 1976. Leucanthemum Miller. Tutin, T.G., Heywood, V.H., Burges, N.A., Moore, D.M., Valentine, D.H., Walters, S.M. & Webb, D.A. (eds.), Flora Europaea. Volume 4. Plantaginaceae to Compositae (and Rubiaceae). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 174–177.

Leucanthemum vulgare aggr. Greuter, W. 2006+: Compositae (pro parte majore). – In: Greuter, W. & Raab-Straube, E. von, Compositae. Euro+Med PlantBase – the information resource for Euro-Mediterranean plant diversity. Published at https://europlusmed.org/. https://europlusmed.org/cdm_dataportal/taxon/6174d223-7262-4f97-9079-64c46e1df916 [Accessed 23.04.2026].

Leucanthemum vulgare Lam. Plants of the World Online portal, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. http://www.plantsoftheworldonline.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:30296198-2 [Accessed 05.07.2021].

Last update: 23.04.2026.

Melilotus albus Medik.

Taxonomy: Fam. Fabaceae// Genus: Melilotus// Species: Melilotus albus Medik.

Determined according to the botanical key provided in The Flora of the Republic of Macedonia (Micevski, 2001).

Lifeform: Annual or biennial.

Distribution: Native from Europe to China, North Africa to Myanmar, Ethiopia to South Africa according to the distribution information provided by the Plants of the World Online portal (Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew).

Habitat: Grassland, sparse bushland, alongside roads.

Flowering period: Summer (JUN,JUL, AUG).

*Melilotus albus* – habit in habitat. Osogovo, Mountain ridge between the gorges of “Kochanska” River and “Oizarska” River, 04.07.2021. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Melilotus albus* – habit. Osogovo, Mountain ridge between the gorges of “Kochanska” River and “Oizarska” River, 04.07.2021. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Melilotus albus* – stem with inflorescences. Osogovo, Mountain ridge between the gorges of “Kochanska” River and “Oizarska” River, 04.07.2021. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Melilotus albus* – inflorescence. Osogovo, Mountain ridge between the gorges of “Kochanska” River and “Oizarska” River, 04.07.2021. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Melilotus albus* – flowers. Osogovo, Mountain ridge between the gorges of “Kochanska” River and “Oizarska” River, 04.07.2021. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Melilotus albus* -inflorescence with pods. Osogovo, Mountain ridge between the gorges of “Kochanska” River and “Oizarska” River, 04.07.2021. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Melilotus albus* – stem with leaves. Osogovo, Mountain ridge between the gorges of “Kochanska” River and “Oizarska” River, 04.07.2021. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Melilotus albus* – branch. Osogovo, Mountain ridge between the gorges of “Kochanska” River and “Oizarska” River, 04.07.2021. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Melilotus albus* – adaxial side of leaves. Osogovo, Mountain ridge between the gorges of “Kochanska” River and “Oizarska” River, 04.07.2021. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Melilotus albus* – abaxial side of leaves. Osogovo, Mountain ridge between the gorges of “Kochanska” River and “Oizarska” River, 04.07.2021. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Melilotus albus* – leaf with stipules. Osogovo, Mountain ridge between the gorges of “Kochanska” River and “Oizarska” River, 04.07.2021. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Melilotus albus* – plant base. Osogovo, Mountain ridge between the gorges of “Kochanska” River and “Oizarska” River, 04.07.2021. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

References:

Micevski, K. (2001). The Flora of the Republic of Macedonia Vol. I, Book 5. Macedonian Academy of Sciences and Arts.

Melilotus albus Medik. Plants of the World Online, Royal Botanic Gardens Kew. http://www.plantsoftheworldonline.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:156656-2 [Accessed 05.07.2021].

Trifolium pannonicum Jacq.

Taxonomy: Fam.Fabaceae// Genus: Trifolium// Species: Trifolium pannonicum Jacq.

The species was determined according to the botanical key provided in The Flora of Republic of Macedonia (Micevski, 2001).

Lifeform: Perennial; Hemicryptophyte according to the Raunkiær system.

Distribution: Native to Europe (France to Ukraine and Balkan Peninsula) andTurkey according to the distribution information provided by the Euro+Med Plantbase (ILDIS World Database of Legumes, 2010), Flora Europaea (Tutin et al., 1968) and the Plants of the World Online portal (Royal Botanic Gardens Kew).

Habitatat: Grassland, bushland, edges and clearings of mixed oak forests.

Flowering period: Summer (JUN, JUL).

*Trifolium pannonicum* – habit in habitat. Osogovo, Mountain ridge between the gorges of “Kochanska” River and “Oizarska” River, 04.07.2021. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Trifolium pannonicum* – habit. Osogovo, Mountain ridge between the gorges of “Kochanska” River and “Oizarska” River, 04.07.2021. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Trifolium pannonicum* – inflorescence. Osogovo, Mountain ridge between the gorges of “Kochanska” River and “Oizarska” River, 04.07.2021. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Trifolium pannonicum* – fruiting inflorescence. Osogovo, Mountain ridge between the gorges of “Kochanska” River and “Oizarska” River, 04.07.2021. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Trifolium pannonicum* – inflorescence: the lowest calyx tooth is twice as longe as the others. Osogovo, Mountain ridge between the gorges of “Kochanska” River and “Oizarska” River, 04.07.2021. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Trifolium pannonicum* – inflorescence subtended by the stipules of the uppermost cauline leaves. Osogovo, Mountain ridge between the gorges of “Kochanska” River and “Oizarska” River, 04.07.2021. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Trifolium pannonicum* – uppermost cauline leaves. Osogovo, Mountain ridge between the gorges of “Kochanska” River and “Oizarska” River, 04.07.2021. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Trifolium pannonicum* – cauline leaf. Osogovo, Mountain ridge between the gorges of “Kochanska” River and “Oizarska” River, 04.07.2021. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Trifolium pannonicum* – stipule. Osogovo, Mountain ridge between the gorges of “Kochanska” River and “Oizarska” River, 04.07.2021. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Trifolium pannonicum* – lower part of stem with cauline leaves. Osogovo, Mountain ridge between the gorges of “Kochanska” River and “Oizarska” River, 04.07.2021. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Trifolium pannonicum* – plant base. Osogovo, Mountain ridge between the gorges of “Kochanska” River and “Oizarska” River, 04.07.2021. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

References:

Trifolium pannonicum. The Euro+Med PlantBase. Source: ILDIS World Database of Legumes 2010. Published on the Internet http://ww2.bgbm.org/EuroPlusMed/PTaxonDetail.asp?NameCache=Trifolium%20pannonicum&PTRefFk=8500000 [Accessed 05.07.2020]

Micevski, K. (2001). The Flora of the Republic of Macedonia Vol. I, Book 5. Macedonian Academy of Sciences and Arts.

Trifolium pannonicum Jacq. Plants of the World Online portal, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. http://www.plantsoftheworldonline.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:523506-1 [Accessed 05.07.2021].

Hypochaeris maculata L.

Taxonomy: Fam. Compositae// Genus: Hypochaeris // Species: Hypochaeris maculata L.

Determined according to the botanical key provided by DeFilipps (1976 in Tutin et al.).

Lifeform: Perennial plant. Hemicryptophyte according to the Raunkiaer system.

Distribution: Native from Europe to Siberia and China (Xinjiang) according to the distribution information provided by the Plants of the World Online portal (Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew).

Habitat: Pastures, clearings and edges of oak and European beech forests, Pteridium aquilinum fields, from c. 900 up to 1500 m altitude.

Flowering period: Late spring – summer (MAY, JUN, JUL).

Locality: region between the “Ratkova Skala” massif and Visoka Chuka (Ponikva). Date: 01.07.2023.

*Hypochaeris maculata* – habit. Osogovo, region between the “Ratkova Skala” massif and Visoka Chuka (Ponikva), 01.07.2023. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

Locality: region between the “Ratkova Skala” massif and Visoka Chuka (Ponikva). Date: 21.07.2023.

*Hypochaeris maculata* – habit in fruiting stage. Osogovo, region between the “Ratkova Skala” massif and Visoka Chuka (Ponikva), 21.07.2023. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

Locality: ridge between the Golema and Orizarska Rivers, near the village of Gorno Gradche. Date: 05.06.2021.

*Hypochaeris maculata* – habit in habitat. Mountain ridge between the Golema and Orizarska Rivers, 05.06.2021. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

Locality: ridge between the Golema and Orizarska Rivers, near the village of Gorno Gradche. Date: 04.07.2021.

*Hypochaeris maculata* – habit in fruiting stage. Mountain ridge between Golema and Orizarska Rivers, 04.07.2021. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

References:

Hypochaeris maculata L. Plants of the World Online portal, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. http://www.plantsoftheworldonline.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:225539-1 [Accessed 04.07.2021].

Hypochaeris maculata. Greuter, W. 2006+: Compositae (pro parte majore). – In: Greuter, W. & Raab-Straube, E. von, Compositae. Euro+Med PlantBase – the information resource for Euro-Mediterranean plant diversity. Published at https://europlusmed.org/. https://europlusmed.org/cdm_dataportal/taxon/6b92cbd5-22ee-400d-bc72-39474dca5993 [Accessed 20.04.2026].

Last update: 20.04.2026.

Silene viscaria (L.) Jess. (syn. Lychnis viscaria L.)

Taxonomy: Fam. Caryophyllaceae// Genus: Silene// Species: Silene viscaria (L.) Jess.

Determined according to the botanical key provided in The Flora of the Republic of Macedonia (Micevski, 1993) as Lychnis viscaria L. The accepted name in The Euro+Med PlantBase is Silene viscaria (L.) Jess.

Distribution: Native from Europe Southwest Siberia and North Caucasus according to to the distribution information provided by the Plants of the World Online portal.

Habitat: Found in clearings and on the edges of forests, shaded rocks and rock cliffs, bushland.

Lifeform: Perennial; Hemicryptophyte according to the Raunkiær system.

Flowering period: Spring (APR, MAY).

*Silene viscaria* – habit in habitat. Osogovo, lake “Gradche”, 08.05.2021. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Silene viscaria* – habit. Osogovo, lake “Gradche”, 08.05.2021. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Silene viscaria* – habit in habitat. Osogovo, mountain ridge between the gorges of “Kochanska” River and “Oryzarska” River, 16.05.2021. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Silene viscaria* – habit. Osogovo, mountain ridge between the gorges of “Kochanska” River and “Oryzarska” River, 16.05.2021. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Silene viscaria* – inflorescence. Osogovo, lake “Gradche”, 08.05.2021. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Silene viscaria* – inflorescence. Osogovo, mountain ridge between the gorges of “Kochanska” River and “Oryzarska” River, 16.05.2021. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Silene viscaria* – flowers. Osogovo, lake “Gradche”, 08.05.2021. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Silene viscaria* – flowers. Osogovo, mountain ridge between the gorges of “Kochanska” River and “Oryzarska” River, 16.05.2021. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Silene viscaria* – cauline leaves. Osogovo, lake “Gradche”, 08.05.2021. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Silene viscaria* – cauline leaves. Osogovo, mountain ridge between the gorges of “Kochanska” River and “Oryzarska” River, 16.05.2021. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Silene viscaria* – lower cauline leaves. Osogovo, lake “Gradche”, 08.05.2021. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Silene viscaria* – plant base with basal leaves. Osogovo, lake “Gradche”, 08.05.2021. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Silene viscaria* – plant base with basal and lower cauline leaves. Osogovo, mountain ridge between the gorges of “Kochanska” River and “Oryzarska” River, 16.05.2021. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

References:

Micevski, K. (1993). The Flora of the Republic of Macedonia Vol. 1, Book 2. Macedonian Academy of Sciences and Arts.

Silene viscaria. Marhold, K. (2011): Caryophyllaceae. – In: Euro+Med Plantbase – the information resource for Euro-Mediterranean plant diversity. Published on the Internet http://ww2.bgbm.org/EuroPlusMed/PTaxonDetail.asp?NameId=102443&PTRefFk=7200000 [Accessed 03.07.2021].

Viscaria vulgaris Röhl. Plants of the World Online portal, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. http://www.plantsoftheworldonline.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:159789-1 [Accessed 03.07.2021].