Osogovo nature

Scabiosa triniifolia Friv.

Taxonomy: Fam. Dipsacaceae// Genus: Scabiosa// Species: Scabiosa triniifolia Friv.

Determined according to the botanical key provided in Flora Europaea Vol. 4 (Tutin et al., 1976).

Distribution: Native to the Balkan Peninsula according to The Euro+Med Plantbase (source: Domina, 2017+) and the Plants of the World Online portal (Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew).

Habitat: Open and dry habitats- dry grasslands/ pastures, shrublands, clearings of oak forests, rocky terrains, river gorges.

Lifeform: Perrenial, hemicryptophyte according to the Raunkiaer system.

Flowering period: Late spring – fall: MAY, JUN, JUL, AUG, SEP, OCT.

*Scabiosa triniifolia* – habit. Gorge of “Kochanska” River, 24.09.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Scabiosa triniifolia* – flowering stem with inflorescence. Gorge of “Kochanska” River, 24.09.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Scabiosa triniifolia* – inflorescence. Gorge of “Kochanska” River, 24.09.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Scabiosa triniifolia* – inflorescence with involucre. Gorge of “Kochanska” River, 24.09.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Scabiosa triniifolia* – inflorescence with flower buds. Gorge of “Kochanska” River, 24.09.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Scabiosa triniifolia* – inflorescence with fruits. Gorge of “Kochanska” River, 24.09.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Scabiosa triniifolia* – stem with cauline leaves. Gorge of “Kochanska” River, 24.09.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Scabiosa triniifolia* – stem and cauline leaves. Gorge of “Kochanska” River, 24.09.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Scabiosa triniifolia* – stem with lower cauline leaves and basal leaves. Gorge of “Kochanska” River, 24.09.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Scabiosa triniifolia* – lower cauline leaves. Gorge of “Kochanska” River, 24.09.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Scabiosa triniifolia* – basal leaves. Gorge of “Kochanska” River, 24.09.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Scabiosa triniifolia* – abaxial side of leaf. Gorge of “Kochanska” River, 24.09.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Scabiosa triniifolia* – habit. Gorge of “Kochanska” River, 17.07.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Scabiosa triniifolia* – inflorescence. Gorge of “Kochanska” River, 17.07.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Scabiosa triniifolia* – developing inflorescence. Gorge of “Kochanska” River, 17.07.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Scabiosa triniifolia* – fruiting inflorescence. Gorge of “Kochanska” River, 17.07.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Scabiosa triniifolia* – upper cauline leaves. Gorge of “Kochanska” River, 17.07.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Scabiosa triniifolia* – stem with cauline leaves. Gorge of “Kochanska” River, 17.07.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Scabiosa triniifolia* – lower part of plant. Gorge of “Kochanska” River, 17.07.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Scabiosa triniifolia* – basal leaves. Gorge of “Kochanska” River, 17.07.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Scabiosa triniifolia* – adaxial side of leaf. Gorge of “Kochanska” River, 17.07.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Scabiosa triniifolia* – abaxial side of leaf. Gorge of “Kochanska” River, 17.07.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Scabiosa triniifolia* – habit. Mountain ridge between the gorges of “Kochanska” River and “Orizarska” River, 13.06.2020. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Scabiosa triniifolia* – inflorescence. Mountain ridge between the gorges of “Kochanska” River and “Orizarska” River, 13.06.2020. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Scabiosa triniifolia* – inflorescence. Mountain ridge between Gorge of “Kochanska” River and “Kochanski Dol”, 13.06.2020. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Scabiosa triniifolia* – inflorescence with involucre. Mountain ridge between the gorges of “Kochanska” River and “Orizarska” River, 13.06.2020. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Scabiosa triniifolia* – inflorescence with fruits. Mountain ridge between the gorges of “Kochanska” River and “Orizarska” River, 13.06.2020. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Scabiosa triniifolia* – lower part of plant – stems with leaves. Mountain ridge between the gorges of “Kochanska” River and “Orizarska” River, 13.06.2020. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Scabiosa triniifolia* – basal leaves. Mountain ridge between the gorges of “Kochanska” River and “Orizarska” River, 13.06.2020. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Scabiosa triniifolia –* habit. Gorge of “Kochanska” River, 06/2014. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Scabiosa triniifolia –* inflorescence. Gorge of “Kochanska” River, 06/2014. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Scabiosa triniifolia –* inflorescence with fruits. Gorge of “Kochanska” River, 06/2014. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Scabiosa triniifolia –* cauline leaves. Gorge of “Kochanska” River, 06/2014. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Scabiosa triniifolia –* basal leaves. Gorge of “Kochanska” River, 06/2014. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

References:

Scabiosa triniifolia. Domina, G. (2017+): Dipsacaceae. – In: Euro+Med Plantbase – the information resource for Euro-Mediterranean plant diversity. Published on the Internet https://europlusmed.org/cdm_dataportal/taxon/d38314b1-73ab-4bc8-b2fe-fedd9ebee220 [Accessed 26.11.2022].

Scabiosa triniifolia (Jacq.) Greuter & Burdet. Plants of the World Online, Royal Botanic Gardens Kew. https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:320209-1 [Accessed 26.11.2022].

Tutin, T.G., Heywood, V.H., Burges, N.A., Moore, D.M., Valentine, D.H., Walters, S.M. & Webb, D.A. (1976). Flora Europaea. Volume 4: Plantaginaceae to Compositae (and Rubiaceae). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Polygonum arenarium subsp. pulchellum (Loisel.) Thell. (syn. Polygonum pulchellum Loisel.)

Taxonomy: Fam. Polygonaceae// Genus: Polygonum// Species: Polygonum arenarium Waldst. & Kit.// Subspecies: Polygonum arenarium subsp. pulchellum (Loisel.) Thell.

Determined according to the botanical key provided by Micevski (1995) as Polygonum pulchellum Loisel., Mem. Soc. Linn. Paris 6: 411 (1827). In The Euro+Med PlantBase (source: Uotila, 2017+) this taxon is accepted as the subspecies rank- Polygonum arenarium subsp. pulchellum (Loisel.) Thell.,Fl. Adv. Montpellier: 186. 1912.

Lifeform: Annual; Therophyte according to the Raunkiær system.

Distribution: Native from the Mediterranean to Ukraine, Caucasus and Iran according to the Plants of the World Online portal (Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew).

Habitat: Dry and open habitats – grasslands, pastures, rocky terrains.

Flowering period: Late summer – fall: AUG, SEP, OCT.

*Polygonum arenarium* subsp. pulchellum – habit. Gorge of “Kochanska” River, 24.09.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Polygonum arenarium* subsp. pulchellum – flowering stems. Gorge of “Kochanska” River, 24.09.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Polygonum arenarium* subsp. pulchellum – flowering stem. Gorge of “Kochanska” River, 24.09.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Polygonum arenarium* subsp. pulchellum – flowers. Gorge of “Kochanska” River, 24.09.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Polygonum arenarium* subsp. pulchellum – stem with flowers and leaves. Gorge of “Kochanska” River, 24.09.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Polygonum arenarium* subsp. pulchellum – stem with flowers and leaf. Gorge of “Kochanska” River, 24.09.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Polygonum arenarium* subsp. pulchellum – stem with leaves and ochreae. Gorge of “Kochanska” River, 24.09.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Polygonum arenarium* subsp. pulchellum – adaxial side of leaf. Gorge of “Kochanska” River, 24.09.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Polygonum arenarium* subsp. pulchellum – abaxial side of leaf. Gorge of “Kochanska” River, 24.09.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Polygonum arenarium* subsp. pulchellum – ochreae. Gorge of “Kochanska” River, 24.09.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Polygonum arenarium* subsp. pulchellum – lower part of plant. Gorge of “Kochanska” River, 24.09.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Polygonum arenarium* subsp. pulchellum – fruits. Gorge of “Kochanska” River, 24.09.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Polygonum arenarium* subsp. pulchellum – fruit. Gorge of “Kochanska” River, 22.10.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Polygonum arenarium* subsp. pulchellum – fruits. Gorge of “Kochanska” River, 22.10.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Polygonum arenarium* subsp. pulchellum – habit. Gorge of “Kochanska” River, 24.10.2020. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Polygonum arenarium* subsp. pulchellum – flowering stems. Gorge of “Kochanska” River, 24.10.2020. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Polygonum arenarium* subsp. pulchellum – flowers. Gorge of “Kochanska” River, 24.10.2020. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

References:

Micevski, K. (1995). The Flora of the Republic of Macedonia Vol. I, Book 3. Macedonian Academy of Sciences and Arts.

Polygonum arenarium subsp. pulchellum (Loisel.) Thell. Plants of the World Online portal, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:77250798-1 [Accessed 06.11.2022].

Polygonum arenarium subsp. pulchellum. Source: Uotila, P. (2017+): Polygonaceae. – In: Euro+Med Plantbase – the information resource for Euro-Mediterranean plant diversity. https://europlusmed.org/cdm_dataportal/taxon/8c3982a3-e335-4794-83a2-094c6a1dc7b2 [Accessed 06.11.2022].

Centaurea benedicta (L.) L. (syn. Cnicus benedictus L.)

Taxonomy: Fam. Compositae// Genus: Centaurea// Species: Centaurea benedicta (L.) L.

Determined according to the botanical key provided in Flora Europaea Vol. 4 (Tutin et al., 1976) as Cnicus benedictus L. The accepted name in The Euro+Med PlantBase (source: Greuter, 2006+) is Centaurea benedicta (L.) L.

Lifeform: Annual; therophyte according to the Raunkiær system.

Distribution: Native from Central and South Europe to Xinjiang (China) and West Asia according to the distribution information provided by the Plants of the World Online portal (Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.

Habitat: Open habitats- hill pastures, edges of oak forests, rocky terrains, roadsides.

Flowering period: Late spring to early summer (MAY, JUN).

Locality: ridge between the Kochanska and Orizarska River (hills between Kochani and Orizari). Date: 04.06.2022.

*Centaurea benedicta* – habit. Osogovo, ridge between the gorges of “Kochanska” River and “Orizarska” River, 04.06.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

References:

Centaurea benedicta. Greuter, W. (2006+): Compositae (pro parte majore). – In: Greuter, W. & Raab-Straube, E. von (ed.): Compositae. Euro+Med Plantbase – the information resource for Euro-Mediterranean plant diversity. Published on the Internet https://europlusmed.org/cdm_dataportal/taxon/58c7ee33-a8bd-4668-91b1-5a773a06478a [Accessed 05.11.2022].

Centaurea benedicta (L.) L. Plants of the World Online portal, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:190024-1 [Accessed 05.11.2022].

do Amaral Franco, J. 1976. Cnicus L. In Tutin, T. G., Heywood, V. H., Burges, N. A., Moore, D. M., Valentine, D. H., Walters, S. M. & Webb, D. A. (eds.), Flora Europaea. Volume 4. Plantaginaceae to Compositae (and Rubiaceae). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 301–302.

Last update: 05.11.2022.

Marrubium peregrinum L.

Taxonomy: Fam. Lamiaceae// Genus: Marrubium// Species: Marrubium peregrinum L.

Determined according to the botanical keys provided in Flora Europaea (Tutin et al., 1972).

Distribution: Native from East Central Europe to Caucasus and Turkey according to the distribution information provided by the Plants of the World Online portal (Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew).

Habitat: Open and dry habitats – grasslands, pastures, shrubland, rocky terrains, river gorges.

Lifeform: Perennial, hemicryptophyte according to the Raunkiaer system.

Flowering period: Summer – fall: JUL, AUG, SEP, OCT.

*Marrubium peregrinum* – habit. Gorge of “Kochanska” River, 16.07.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Marrubium peregrinum* – flowering stem. Gorge of “Kochanska” River, 16.07.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Marrubium peregrinum* – verticillasters with flowers. Gorge of “Kochanska” River, 16.07.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Marrubium peregrinum* – spent flowers. Gorge of “Kochanska” River, 16.07.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Marrubium peregrinum* – stem, branches and leaves. Gorge of “Kochanska” River, 16.07.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Marrubium peregrinum* – stem with leaves. Gorge of “Kochanska” River, 16.07.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Marrubium peregrinum* – leaves. Gorge of “Kochanska” River, 16.07.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Marrubium peregrinum* – abaxial side of leaf. Gorge of “Kochanska” River, 16.07.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Marrubium peregrinum* – lower part of stems. Gorge of “Kochanska” River, 16.07.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Marrubium peregrinum* – habitat. Southern foot of Osogovo, hills near Kochani, 10.07.2020. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Marrubium peregrinum* – habit. Hills near Kochani, 10.07.2020. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Marrubium peregrinum* – habit. Hills near Kochani, 05.07.2020. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Marrubium peregrinum* – flowering stems. Hills near Kochani, 05.07.2020. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Marrubium peregrinum* – flowering stems with verticillasters. Hills near Kochani, 05.07.2020. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Marrubium peregrinum* – verticillasters. Hills near Kochani, 05.07.2020. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Marrubium peregrinum* – stem with leaves. Hills near Kochani, 05.07.2020. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

References:

Marrubium peregrinum L. Plants of the World Online, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:449945-1 [Accessed 03.11.2022].

Tutin, T.G., Heywood, V.H., Burges, N.A., Moore, D.M., Valentine, D.H., Walters, S.M. & Webb, D.A. (1972). Flora Europaea. Volume 3: Diapensiaceae to Myoporaceae. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Papaver dubium L.

Taxonomy: Fam. Papaveraceae// Genus: Papaver// Species: Papaver dubium L.

Determined according to the botanical keys provided by Micevski in Micevski (1993) and Mowat and Walters in Tutin et al. (1964).

Lifeform: Annual; Therophyte according to the Raunkiær system.

Distribution: Native to Macaronesia, Europe, North Africa, West Asia to West Himalaya according to the distribution information provided by the Plants of the World Online portal (Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew).

Habitat: Open habitats – grasslands, sparse woods, roadsides, footpaths.

Flowering period: Spring: APR, MAY.

Locality: lake “Gradche”.

*Papaver dubium* – habit. Near lake “Gradche” , 01.05.2025. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

Locality: hilly region near village of Beli.

*Papaver dubium* – habit. Hilly region near village of Beli, 14.05.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

Locality: gorge of “Kochanska” River.

*Papaver dubium* – habit. Gorge of Kochanska “River”, 29.04.2020. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

References:

Papaver dubium L. Plants of the World Online, Royal Botanic Gardens Kew. https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:673488-1 [Accessed 01.11.2022].

Papaver L. Micevski, K. in Micevski, K. (1993). The Flora of the Republic of Macedonia Vol. I, Book 2. Macedonian Academy of Sciences and Arts, pp. 154 – 161.

Papaver L. Mowat, A.B. and Walters, S.M. in Tutin, T.G., Heywood, V.H., Burges, N.A., Moore, D.M., Valentine, D.H., Walters, S.M., & Webb, D.A. (1964). Flora Europaea. Volume 1. Lycopodiaceae to Platanaceae. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, p. 247 – 250.

Last update: 17.12.2025.

Papaver rhoeas L. subsp. rhoeas

Taxonomy: Fam. Papaveraceae// Genus: Papaver// Species: Papaver rhoeas L.// Subspecies: Papaver rhoeas L. subsp. rhoeas.

Determined according to the botanical key provided in The Flora of the Republic of Macedonia (Micevski, 1993).

Lifeform: Annual; Therophyte according to the Raunkiær system.

Distribution: Native to Macaronesia, Europe and the Mediterranean to Kazakhstan and West Himalaya according to the Plants of the World Online portal.

Habitat: Open habitats, usually on disturbed ground – cultivated land, roadsides, wastelands and other ruderal areas, sparse shrubland.

Flowering period: Late spring – early summer: MAY, JUN.

*Papaver rhoeas subsp. rhoeas* – habit. Ruderal area near Kochani, 14.05.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Papaver rhoeas subsp. rhoeas* – flower. Ruderal area near Kochani, 14.05.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Papaver rhoeas subsp. rhoeas* – outerside of petals. Ruderal area near Kochani, 14.05.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Papaver rhoeas subsp. rhoeas* – ovary and anthers. Ruderal area near Kochani, 14.05.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Papaver rhoeas subsp. rhoeas* – flower bud. Ruderal area near Kochani, 14.05.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Papaver rhoeas subsp. rhoeas* – developing fruit. Ruderal area near Kochani, 14.05.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Papaver rhoeas subsp. rhoeas* – pedicel with patent hairs. Ruderal area near Kochani, 14.05.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Papaver rhoeas subsp. rhoeas* – stems with leaves. Ruderal area near Kochani, 14.05.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Papaver rhoeas subsp. rhoeas* – stems with upper cauline leaves. Ruderal area near Kochani, 14.05.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Papaver rhoeas subsp. rhoeas* – upper cauline leaves. Ruderal area near Kochani, 14.05.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Papaver rhoeas subsp. rhoeas* – stem with middle vauline leaves. Ruderal area near Kochani, 14.05.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Papaver rhoeas subsp. rhoeas* – stem with middle cauline leaf. Ruderal area near Kochani, 14.05.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Papaver rhoeas subsp. rhoeas* – lower part of plant – basal and lower cauline leaves. Ruderal area near Kochani, 14.05.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Papaver rhoeas subsp. rhoeas* – leaf segments. Ruderal area near Kochani, 18.06.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Papaver rhoeas subsp. rhoeas* – fruit. Ruderal area near Kochani, 18.06.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

References:

Micevski, K. (1993). The Flora of the Republic of Macedonia Vol. I, Book 2. Macedonian Academy of Sciences and Arts.

Papaver rhoeas subsp. rhoeas. Plants of the World Online, Royal Botanic Gardens Kew. http://www.plantsoftheworldonline.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:305858-2 [Accessed 01.11.2022]

Leontodon biscutellifolius DC. (syn. Leontodon crispus subsp. asper (W. et K.) Rohl.)

Taxonomy: Fam. Compositae// Genus: Leontodon// Aggregate: Leontodon crispus Vill.// Species: Leontodon biscutellifolius DC.

Determined according to the botanical key provided by Gajić (1975 in Josifović) as Leontodon crispus subsp. asper (W. et K.) Rohl. 1911. SBGW 1: 67. In Flora Europaea Vol. 4 (Finch & Sell, 1976 in Tutin et al.) this taxon is included within Leontodon crispus Vill. subsp. crispus. The accepted name in The Euro+Med PlantBase (source: Greuter, 2006+) is Leontodon biscutellifolius DC., Prodr. 7: 103. 1838.

Lifeform: Perennial plant. Hemicryptophyte according to the Raunkiær system.

Distribution: Native from Southeast and East Europe to Transcaucasus and Turkey according to the distribution information provided by the Plants of the World Online portal (Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew) and the The Euro+Med PlantBase (source: Greuter, 2006+).

Habitat: Open and dry habitats- dry grassland/ pastures, rocky terrains.

Flowering period: Spring – summer (APR, MAY, JUN, JUL, AUG).

Locality: ridge between Lake Gradche and the Orizarska River. Date: 04.07.2021.

*Leontodon biscutellifolius* – habit. Osogovo, mountain ridge between lake “Gradche” and “Orizarska” River, 04.07.2021. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

Locality: village of Beli region. Date: 30.04.2022.

*Leontodon biscutellifolius* – habit. Osogovo, hilly region near village of Beli, 30.04.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

Scaled images. Specimen from village of Beli region.

*Leontodon biscutellifolius* – habit. Scale in cm. Specimen from village of Beli region. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

References:

Leontodon biscutellifolius DC. Greuter, W. (2006+): Compositae (pro parte majore). – In: Greuter, W. & Raab-Straube, E. von (ed.): Compositae. Euro+Med Plantbase – the information resource for Euro-Mediterranean plant diversity. Published on the Internet https://europlusmed.org/cdm_dataportal/taxon/b976bd78-ecb1-4ec7-8c0c-28750caf1deb [Accessed 31.10.2022].

Leontodon biscutellifolius DC. Plants of the World Online portal, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:77180619-1 [Accessed 31.10.2022].

Finch, R. A. & Sell, P. D. 1976. Leontodon L. (Micrоderis DC.). in Tutin, T.G., Heywood, V.H., Burges, N.A., Moore, D.M., Valentine, D.H., Walters, S.M. & Webb, D.A. (1976). Flora Europaea. Volume 4: Plantaginaceae to Compositae (and Rubiaceae). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 309–315.

Gajić, M. 1975. Rod Leontodon L. In Josifović (ed.), Flora SR Srbije, VII. Bepgrad: Srpska Akademija Nauka i Umetnosti, pp. 274–279.

Plantago arenaria Waldst. & Kit.

Taxonomy: Fam. Plantaginaceae// Genus: Plantago// Species: Plantago arenaria Waldst. & Kit.

Determined according to the botanical key provided in Flora Europaea Vol. 4 (Tutin et al., 1976).

Lifeform: Perrenial; hemicryptophyte according to the Raunkiær system.

Distribution: Native from Europe to Siberia and Iran, North Africa according to the distribution information provided by the Plants of the World Online portal, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew (accepted as Plantago indica L.).

Habitat: Open habitats on gravel or disturbed ground, roadsides, from the lowland up to the subalpine belt.

Flowering period: Summer- fall: JUN, JUL, AUG, SEP.

*Plantago arenaria* – habit. Osogovo – Ponikva, 18.09.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Plantago arenaria* – inflorescences and leaves. Osogovo – Ponikva, 18.09.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Plantago arenaria* – fruiting inflorescences. Osogovo – Ponikva, 18.09.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Plantago arenaria* – fruiting inflorescence. Osogovo – Ponikva, 18.09.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Plantago arenaria* – leaves. Osogovo – Ponikva, 18.09.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Plantago arenaria* – habit. Osogovo, lake “Gradche”, 08.09.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Plantago arenaria* – fruiting inflorescence. Osogovo, lake “Gradche”, 08.09.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Plantago arenaria* – fruiting inflorescences. Osogovo, lake “Gradche”, 08.09.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Plantago arenaria* – leaf. Osogovo, lake “Gradche”, 08.09.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Plantago arenaria* – habit. Osogovo, lake “Gradche”, 06/2014. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Plantago arenaria* – stem with inflorescence and leaves. Osogovo, lake “Gradche”, 06/2014. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Plantago arenaria* – inflorescence. Osogovo, lake “Gradche”, 06/2014. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

References:

Plantago indica L. Plants of the World Online portal, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:685262-1 [Accessed 30.10.2022].

Anthemis cotula L.

Taxonomy: Fam. Compositae// Genus: Anthemis// Species: Anthemis cotula L.

Determined according to the botanical key provided by Fernandes (1976 in Tutin et al.)

Lifeform: Annual; therophyte according to the Raunkiær system.

Distribution: Native to Madeira, from Europe to Central and West Asia, North Africa according to the distribution information provided by the Plants of the World Online portal (Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew).

Habitat: Ruderal areas. Recorded in village of Shtalkovica.

Flowering period: Summer – fall: JUN, JUL, AUG, SEP, OCT.

*Anthemis cotula* – habit. Osogovo, village of Shtalkovica, 29.10.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

References:

Anthemis cotula. Greuter, W. 2006+: Compositae (pro parte majore). – In: Greuter, W. & Raab-Straube, E. von, Compositae. Euro+Med PlantBase – the information resource for Euro-Mediterranean plant diversity. Published at https://europlusmed.org/. https://europlusmed.org/cdm_dataportal/taxon/a48ca852-9805-439b-8025-307ce4e6d760 [Accessed 25.02.2026].

Anthemis cotula L. Plants of the World Online portal, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:177259-1 [Accessed 30.10.2022].

Fernandes, R. 1976. Anthemis L. In Tutin, T. G., Heywood, V. H., Burges, N. A., Moore, D. M., Valentine, D. H., Walters, S. M. & Webb, D. A. (eds.), Flora Europaea. Volume 4. Plantaginaceae to Compositae (and Rubiaceae). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 145–159.

Last update: 25.02.2026.

Potentilla aurea subsp. chrysocraspeda (Lehm.) Nyman (syn. Potentilla ternata Koch)

Taxonomy: Fam. Rosaceae// Genus: Potentilla// Species: Potentilla aurea L.// Subspecies: Potentilla aurea subsp. chrysocraspeda (Lehm.) Nyman.

Determined according to the botanical key provided by Micevski in Micevski (1998) as Potentilla ternata Koch, Linnaea 19: 45 (1847). The accepted name in The Euro+Med PlantBase (source: Kurtto, 2009+) is Potentilla aurea subsp. chrysocraspeda (Lehm.) Nyman, Consp. Fl. Eur. 1: 225. 1878.

Lifeform: Perennial, hemicryptophyte according to the Raunkiær system.

Distribution: Native to Southeast Europe – the Balkan Peninsula and Romania according to the distribution information provided by The Euro+Med PlantBase (sorce: Kurtto, 2009+).

Habitat: Open habitats – grasslands, clearings of European beech forests and pastures in the subalpine belt, starting at c. 1500 m altitude up to the highest peaks.

Flowering period: Late spring -summer, with secondary flushes until fall: MAY, JUN, (-OCT).

Potentilla *aurea* subsp. *chrysocraspeda* – habit. Osogovo- Ponikva, 21.05.2023. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

Potentilla *aurea* subsp. *chrysocraspeda* – flowering stems. Osogovo- Ponikva, 21.05.2023. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

Potentilla *aurea* subsp. *chrysocraspeda* – flower. Osogovo- Ponikva, 21.05.2023. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

Potentilla *aurea* subsp. *chrysocraspeda* – calyx and epicalyx of flower. Osogovo- Ponikva, 21.05.2023. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

Potentilla *aurea* subsp. *chrysocraspeda* – calyx and epicalyx of flower, upper cauline leaves and stipules. Osogovo- Ponikva, 21.05.2023. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

Potentilla *aurea* subsp. *chrysocraspeda* – stem and cauline leaf with stipules. Osogovo- Ponikva, 21.05.2023. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

Potentilla *aurea* subsp. *chrysocraspeda* – basal leaves. Osogovo- Ponikva, 21.05.2023. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

Potentilla *aurea* subsp. *chrysocraspeda* – basal leaf. Osogovo- Ponikva, 21.05.2023. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

Potentilla *aurea* subsp. *chrysocraspeda* – adaxial side of basal leaves. Osogovo- Ponikva, 21.05.2023. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

Potentilla *aurea* subsp. *chrysocraspeda* – adaxial side of basal leaf. Osogovo- Ponikva, 21.05.2023. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Potentilla* *aurea* subsp. *chrysocraspeda* – habit. Osogovo- Ponikva, 30.10.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Potentilla* *aurea* subsp. *chrysocraspeda* – flower. Osogovo – Ponikva, 30.10.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

Potentilla *aurea* subsp. *chrysocraspeda* – calyx and epicalyx of flower. Osogovo – Ponikva, 30.10.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

Potentilla *aurea* subsp. *chrysocraspeda* – spent flowers. Osogovo – Ponikva, 30.10.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

Potentilla *aurea* subsp. *chrysocraspeda* – leaves. Osogovo – Ponikva, 30.10.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

Potentilla *aurea* subsp. *chrysocraspeda* – adaxial side of leaf. Osogovo – Ponikva, 30.10.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

Potentilla *aurea* subsp. *chrysocraspeda* – abaxial side of leaf. Osogovo – Ponikva, 30.10.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

Potentilla *aurea* subsp. *chrysocraspeda* – rhizome with stipules. Osogovo – Ponikva, 30.10.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

References:

Micevski, K. in Micevski, K. (1998). The Flora of the Republic of Macedonia Vol. I, Book 4. Macedonian Academy of Sciences and Arts, pp. 934 – 974.

Potentilla aurea subsp. chrysocraspeda. Source: Kurtto, A. (2009+): Rosaceae (pro parte majore). In: Euro+Med Plantbase – the information resource for Euro-Mediterranean plant diversity. Published on the Internet https://europlusmed.org/cdm_dataportal/taxon/f1b44494-5a14-4f3c-bcac-ee21be737f5a [Accessed 30.10.2022].

Last update: 01.06.2023.