Determined according to the botanical keys provided by Valentine, Merxmüller and Schmidt in Tutin et al. (1968) and Micevski (1995).
Lifeform: Perennial; chemicryptophyte according to the Raunkiær system.
Distribution: Native to Canary Islands, Europe to East Aegean Islands; Northwest Africa according to the distribution information provided by the Plants of the World Online portal (Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew). Also native to Lebanon according to The Euro+Med PlantBase (Raab-Straube & Henning, 2018+).
Habitat: European beech forests (Ponikva).
Flowering period: Late spring – early summer: MAY, JUN.
Viola riviniana – habit. Osogovo – Ponikva, 21.05.2023. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Viola riviniana – habit. Osogovo – Ponikva, 21.05.2023. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Viola riviniana – habit. Osogovo – Ponikva, 21.05.2023. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Viola riviniana – habit. Osogovo – Ponikva, 21.05.2023. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Viola riviniana – habit. Osogovo – Ponikva, 21.05.2023. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Viola riviniana – habit. Osogovo – Ponikva, 21.05.2023. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Viola riviniana – habit. Osogovo – Ponikva, 21.05.2023. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Viola riviniana – flowering stems. Osogovo – Ponikva, 21.05.2023. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Viola riviniana – flower. Osogovo – Ponikva, 21.05.2023. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Viola riviniana – flower. Osogovo – Ponikva, 21.05.2023. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Viola riviniana – flower. Osogovo – Ponikva, 21.05.2023. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Viola riviniana – flower. Osogovo – Ponikva, 21.05.2023. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Viola riviniana – flower. Osogovo – Ponikva, 21.05.2023. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Viola riviniana – flower. Osogovo – Ponikva, 21.05.2023. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Viola riviniana – side view of flower – spur and calyx with appendages. The appendages are up to 3 mm long. Osogovo – Ponikva, 21.05.2023. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Viola riviniana – spur and calyx with appendages. The appendages are up to 3 mm long. Osogovo – Ponikva, 21.05.2023. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Viola riviniana – spur and calyx with appendages. The appendages are up to 3 mm long. Osogovo – Ponikva, 21.05.2023. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Viola riviniana – spur and calyx with appendages. The appendages are up to 3 mm long. Osogovo – Ponikva, 21.05.2023. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Viola riviniana – spur and calyx with appendages. The appendages are up to 3 mm long. Osogovo – Ponikva, 21.05.2023. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Viola riviniana – spur and calyx with appendages. The appendages are up to 3 mm long. Osogovo – Ponikva, 21.05.2023. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Viola riviniana – pedicel with bracts. Osogovo – Ponikva, 21.05.2023. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Viola riviniana – stem with cauline leaves and basal leaves. Osogovo – Ponikva, 21.05.2023. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Viola riviniana – stem with cauline leaves and basal leaves. Osogovo – Ponikva, 21.05.2023. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Viola riviniana – stem with cauline leaves and stipules. Osogovo – Ponikva, 21.05.2023. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Viola riviniana – stem with cauline leaves and stipules. Osogovo – Ponikva, 21.05.2023. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Viola riviniana – cauline leaves. Osogovo – Ponikva, 21.05.2023. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Viola riviniana – abaxial side of cauline leaf. Osogovo – Ponikva, 21.05.2023. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Viola riviniana – stipule of cauline leaf. Osogovo – Ponikva, 21.05.2023. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Viola riviniana – basal leaf. Osogovo – Ponikva, 21.05.2023. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Viola riviniana – basal leaf. Osogovo – Ponikva, 21.05.2023. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Viola riviniana – basal leaves. Osogovo – Ponikva, 21.05.2023. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Viola riviniana – basal leaves. Osogovo – Ponikva, 21.05.2023. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Viola riviniana – basal leaves. Osogovo – Ponikva, 21.05.2023. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Viola riviniana – basal leaves. Osogovo – Ponikva, 21.05.2023. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Viola riviniana – basal leaf Osogovo – Ponikva, 21.05.2023. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Viola riviniana – plant base and rhizome. Osogovo – Ponikva, 21.05.2023. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Viola riviniana – habit. Osogovo – Ponikva, 08.07.2023. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Viola riviniana – habit. Osogovo – Ponikva, 08.07.2023. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Viola riviniana – habit. Osogovo – Ponikva, 08.07.2023. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Viola riviniana – habit – plant with cleistogamous flowers and capsules. Osogovo – Ponikva, 08.07.2023. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Viola riviniana – cleistogamous flower. Osogovo – Ponikva, 08.07.2023. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Viola riviniana – cleistogamous flower. Osogovo – Ponikva, 08.07.2023. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Viola riviniana – capsule. Osogovo – Ponikva, 08.07.2023. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Viola riviniana – capsule. Osogovo – Ponikva, 08.07.2023. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Viola riviniana – capsule. Osogovo – Ponikva, 08.07.2023. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.
References:
Viola L. Micevski, K. (1995). The Flora of the Republic of Macedonia Vol. I, Book 3. Macedonian Academy of Sciences and Arts, pp. 503 – 548.
Viola L. Valentine, D. H., Merxmüller, H. and Schmidt, A. in Tutin, T.G., Heywood, V.H., Burges, N.A., Moore, D.M., Valentine, D.H., Walters, S.M., & Webb, D.A. (1968). Flora Europaea. Volume 2. Rosaceae to Umbelliferae. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 270 – 282.
