Osogovo nature

Sonchus asper (L.) Hill

Taxonomy: Fam. Compositae// Genus: Sonchus// Species: Sonchus asper (L.) Hill

Determined according to the botanical keys provided in Flora Europaea Vol. 4 (Tutin et al., 1976).

Lifeform: Annual; Therophyte according to the Raunkiær system.

Distribution: Native to Temperate Eurasia, North Africa to Sahel and Somalia according to the distribution information provided by the Plants of the World Online portal.

Habitat: Open habitats – grassland, sparse woods, shrubland; disturbed ground – alongside roads, cultivated land, urban and suburban areas.

Flowering period: Late spring -summer (MAY, JUN,JUL).

*Sonchus asper* – habit. Gorge of “Kochanska” River, 24.09.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Sonchus asper* – capitula. Gorge of “Kochanska” River, 24.09.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Sonchus asper* – capitulum – florets. Gorge of “Kochanska” River, 24.09.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Sonchus asper* – capitulum – involucral bracts. Gorge of “Kochanska” River, 24.09.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Sonchus asper* – fruiting capitulum with achenes. Gorge of “Kochanska” River, 24.09.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Sonchus asper* – achenes. Gorge of “Kochanska” River, 24.09.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Sonchus asper* – stem with leaf. Gorge of “Kochanska” River, 24.09.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Sonchus asper* – stem with leaves. Gorge of “Kochanska” River, 24.09.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Sonchus asper* – adaxial side of leaf. Gorge of “Kochanska” River, 24.09.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Sonchus asper* – abaxial side of leaf. Gorge of “Kochanska” River, 24.09.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Sonchus asper* – habit. Osogovo, hilly region near village of Beli, 24.05.2021. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Sonchus asper* – upper part of plant with synflorescence. Osogovo, hilly region near village of Beli, 24.05.2021. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Sonchus asper* – developing capitula. Osogovo, hilly region near village of Beli, 24.05.2021. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Sonchus asper* – capitula. Osogovo, hilly region near village of Beli, 24.05.2021. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Sonchus asper* – capitulum. Osogovo, hilly region near village of Beli, 24.05.2021. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Sonchus asper* – involucrum. Osogovo, hilly region near village of Beli, 24.05.2021. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Sonchus asper* – fruiting inflorescence. Osogovo, hilly region near village of Beli, 24.05.2021. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Sonchus asper* – capitulum with achenes. Osogovo, hilly region near village of Beli, 24.05.2021. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Sonchus asper* – leaf. Osogovo, hilly region near village of Beli, 24.05.2021. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Sonchus asper* – upper part of stem with inflorescence. Osogovo, hilly region near village of Beli, 30.05.2021. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Sonchus asper* – inflorescence with developing and fruiting capitula. Osogovo, hilly region near village of Beli, 30.05.2021. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Sonchus asper* – achenes. Osogovo, hilly region near village of Beli, 30.05.2021. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Sonchus asper* – fruiting capitula with achenes. Osogovo, hilly region near village of Beli, 13.06.2021. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

References:

Sonchus asper (L.) Hill Plants of the World Online portal, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. http://www.plantsoftheworldonline.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:1003017-2 [Accessed 08.08.2021].

Tutin, T.G., Heywood, V.H., Burges, N.A., Moore, D.M., Valentine, D.H., Walters, S.M. & Webb, D.A. (1976). Flora Europaea. Volume 4: Plantaginaceae to Compositae (and Rubiaceae). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Last update: 06.11.2022.

Silene viridiflora L.

Taxonomy: Fam. Caryophyllaceae// Genus: Silene// Species: Silene viridiflora L.

Determined according to the botanical key provided by Chater and Walters in Tutin et al. (1964) and Micevski (1993).

Distribution: Native from East Central and South Europe to West Syria according to the distribution information provided by the Plants of the World Online portal (Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew).

Habitat: Edges and clearings of oak and European beech forests.

Lifeform: Perennial; Hemicryptophyte according to the Raunkiær system.

Flowering period: Summer: JUN, JUL, AUG.

*Silene viridiflora* – habit. Osogovo- Ponikva, 10.07.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Silene viridiflora* – flowering stem with inflorescence. Osogovo- Ponikva, 10.07.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Silene viridiflora* – inflorescence with dichasia. Osogovo- Ponikva, 10.07.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Silene viridiflora* – flowers. Osogovo- Ponikva, 10.07.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Silene viridiflora* – flower. Osogovo- Ponikva, 10.07.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Silene viridiflora* – capsule. Osogovo- Ponikva, 10.07.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Silene viridiflora* – stems with cauline leaves. Osogovo- Ponikva, 10.07.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Silene viridiflora* – stem with cauline leaves. Osogovo- Ponikva, 10.07.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Silene viridiflora* – stem with cauline leaves and vegetative shoots with basal leaves. Osogovo- Ponikva, 10.07.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Silene viridiflora* – lower part of stem and basal leaves. Osogovo- Ponikva, 10.07.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Silene viridiflora* – stem with cauline leaves and sterile shoots. Osogovo- Ponikva, 10.07.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Silene viridiflora* – sterile shoots. Osogovo- Ponikva, 10.07.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Silene viridiflora* – basal eaves of vegetative shoots. Osogovo- Ponikva, 10.07.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Silene viridiflora* – adaxial side of leaf. Osogovo- Ponikva, 10.07.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Silene viridiflora* – abaxial side of leaf. Osogovo- Ponikva, 10.07.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Silene viridiflora* – flower. Osogovo- Ponikva, 24.07.2021. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Silene viridiflora* – dichasia. Osogovo- Ponikva, 24.07.2021. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Silene viridiflora* – stem with cauline leaves. Osogovo- Ponikva, 24.07.2021. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

Silene viridiflora – cauline leaves. Osogovo- Ponikva, 24.07.2021. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Silene viridiflora* – plant base. Osogovo- Ponikva, 24.07.2021. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

References:

Silene L. Chater, A. O. and Walters, S. M. in Tutin, T.G., Heywood, V.H., Burges, N.A., Moore, D.M., Valentine, D.H., Walters, S.M., & Webb, D.A. (1964). Flora Europaea. Volume 1. Lycopodiaceae to Platanaceae. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 158 -181.

Silene L. Micevski, K. (1993). The Flora of the Republic of Macedonia Vol. I, Book 2. Macedonian Academy of Sciences and Arts, pp. 302 – 346.

Silene viridiflora L. Plants of the World Online portal, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. http://www.plantsoftheworldonline.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:158648-1 [Accessed 06.08.2021].

Last update: 16.01.2023.

Epilobium roseum subsp. subsessile (Boiss.) P. H. Raven

Taxonomy: Fam. Onagraceae// Genus: Epilobium// Species: Epilobium roseum Schreber// Subspecies: Epilobium roseum subsp. subsessile (Boiss.) P. H. Raven.

Determined according to the botanical key provided by Micevski (2001).

Distribution: Native from Europe to West Siberia, Mongolia and Afghanistan according to the distribution information provided by the Plants of the World Online portal.

Habitat: Wet habitats – alongside mountain streams.

Lifeform: Perennial, hemicryptophyte according to the Raunkiaer system.

Flowering period: Summer: JUL, AUG.

Epilobium *roseum* subsp. subsessile – habit. Osogovo- Ponikva, 24.07.2021. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

Epilobium *roseum subsp. subsessile* – inflorescence. Osogovo- Ponikva, 24.07.2021. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

Epilobium *roseum* subsp. subsessile – flowers. Osogovo- Ponikva, 24.07.2021. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

Epilobium *roseum* subsp. subsessile – glandular inflorescence. Osogovo- Ponikva, 24.07.2021. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

Epilobium *roseum* subsp. subsessile – flower. Osogovo- Ponikva, 24.07.2021. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

Epilobium *roseum* subsp. subsessile – fruits. Osogovo- Ponikva, 24.07.2021. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

Epilobium *roseum* subsp. subsessile – fruit. Osogovo- Ponikva, 24.07.2021. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

Epilobium *roseum* subsp. subsessile – stem with upper cauline leaves and fruits. Osogovo- Ponikva, 24.07.2021. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

Epilobium *roseum* subsp. subsessile – stem and fruits with glandular indumentum. Osogovo- Ponikva, 24.07.2021. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

Epilobium *roseum* subsp. subsessile – capsules with seeds. Osogovo- Ponikva, 24.07.2021. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

Epilobium *roseum* subsp. subsessile – stem with upper cauline leaves. Osogovo- Ponikva, 24.07.2021. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

Epilobium *roseum* subsp. subsessile – cauline leaf. Osogovo- Ponikva, 24.07.2021. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

Epilobium *roseum* subsp. subsessile – abaxial side of leaf. Osogovo- Ponikva, 24.07.2021. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

References:

Epilobium L. Micevski, K. (2001). The Flora of the Republic of Macedonia Vol. 1, Book 5. Macedonian Academy of Sciences and Arts, pp. 1397 – 1411.

Epilobium roseum subsp. subsessile (Boiss.) P.H.Raven. Plants of the World Online portal, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:77250620-1 [Accessed 12.01.2023].

Last update: 12.01.2023.

Epilobium collinum C. C. Gmel.

Taxonomy: Fam. Onagraceae// Genus: Epilobium// Species: Epilobium collinum C. C. Gmel.

Determined according to the botanical key provided by Raven in Tutin et al. (1968) and Micevski (2001).

Distribution: Native from Europe to West Siberia according to the distribution information provided by the Plants of the World Online portal.

Habitat: Generally found in moist habitats, in clearings and edges of forests, alongside streams from c. 800 m up to the subalpine belt.

Lifeform: Perennial, hemicryptophyte according to the Raunkiaer system.

Flowering period: Summer: JUL, AUG.

*Epilobium collinum* – habit. Osogovo- Ponikva, 24.07.2021. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Epilobium collinum* – flower. Osogovo- Ponikva, 24.07.2021. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Epilobium collinum* – flower and fruits. Osogovo- Ponikva, 24.07.2021. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Epilobium collinum* – fruit. Osogovo- Ponikva, 24.07.2021. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Epilobium collinum* – fruits. Osogovo- Ponikva, 24.07.2021. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Epilobium collinum* – stems with cauline leaves. Osogovo- Ponikva, 24.07.2021. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Epilobium collinum* – cauline leaves. Osogovo- Ponikva, 24.07.2021. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Epilobium collinum* – abaxial side of leaves. Osogovo- Ponikva, 24.07.2021. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

References:

Epilobium collinum C.C.Gmel. Plants of the World Online portal, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. http://www.plantsoftheworldonline.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:611734-1 [Accessed 06.08.2021].

Epilobium L. Micevski, K. (2001). The Flora of the Republic of Macedonia Vol. 1, Book 5. Macedonian Academy of Sciences and Arts, pp. 1397 – 1411.

Epilobium L. Raven, P.H. in Tutin, T.G., Heywood, V.H., Burges, N.A., Moore, D.M., Valentine, D.H., Walters, S.M. & Webb, D.A. (1968). Flora Europaea. Volume 2: Rosaceae to Umbelliferae. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 308 – 311.

Clinopodium grandiflorum (L.) Kuntze (syn. Calamintha grandiflora (L.) Moench)

Taxonomy: Fam. Lamiaceae// Genus: Clinopodium// Species: Clinopodium grandiflorum (L.) Kuntze.

Determined according to the botanical keys provided in Flora Europaea (Tutin et al., 1972) as Calamintha grandiflora (L.) Moench, nomencl. ref. Meth. 408 (1794). The accepted name in the Euro+Med PlantBase (source: World Checklist of Selected Plant Families, 2010) is Clinopodium grandiflorum (L.) Kuntze, nomencl. ref. Revis. Gen. Pl. 2: 515. 1891.

Distribution: Native to South Central Europe, Mediterranean to Iran according to the distribution information provided by the Plants of the World Online portal.

Habitat: Clearings and edges of beech forests in the subalpine belt.

Lifeform: Perennial, hemicryptophyte according to the Raunkiaer system.

Flowering period: Summer: JUN, JUL, AUG.

*Clinopodium grandiflorum* – habit. Osogovo- Ponikva, 03.07.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Clinopodium grandiflorum* – flowering stem with verticillasters. Osogovo- Ponikva, 03.07.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Clinopodium grandiflorum* – flowers. Osogovo- Ponikva, 03.07.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Clinopodium grandiflorum* – flower. Osogovo- Ponikva, 03.07.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Clinopodium grandiflorum* – leaves. Osogovo- Ponikva, 03.07.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Clinopodium grandiflorum* – adaxial side of leaf. Osogovo- Ponikva, 03.07.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Clinopodium grandiflorum* – abaxial side of leaf. Osogovo- Ponikva, 03.07.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Clinopodium grandiflorum* – habit. Osogovo- Ponikva, 24.07.2021. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Clinopodium grandiflorum* – flowering stem with inflorescence. Osogovo- Ponikva, 24.07.2021. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Clinopodium grandiflorum* – verticillasters with flowers. Osogovo- Ponikva, 24.07.2021. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Clinopodium grandiflorum* – flowers. Osogovo- Ponikva, 24.07.2021. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Clinopodium grandiflorum* – cauline leaves. Osogovo- Ponikva, 24.07.2021. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

References:

Clinopodium grandiflorum (L.) Kuntze. Plants of the World Online, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. http://www.plantsoftheworldonline.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:445789-1 [Accessed 05.08.2021].

Clinopodium grandiflorum. The Euro+Med PlantBase. Source: World Checklist of Selected Plant Families (2010), copyright © The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Published on the Internet https://ww2.bgbm.org/EuroPlusMed/PTaxonDetail.asp?NameId=48682&PTRefFk=8000000 [Accessed 05.08.2021].

Clinopodium grandiflorum. The Euro+Med PlantBase. Source: World Checklist of Selected Plant Families (2010), copyright © The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. 2010. Published on the Internet https://ww2.bgbm.org/EuroPlusMed/PTaxonDetail.asp?NameId=48682&PTRefFk=8000000 [Accessed 11.12.2022].

Tutin, T.G., Heywood, V.H., Burges, N.A., Moore, D.M., Valentine, D.H., Walters, S.M. & Webb, D.A. (1972). Flora Europaea. Volume 3: Diapensiaceae to Myoporaceae. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Last update: 11.12.2022.

Stachys alpina L.

Taxonomy: Fam. Lamiaceae// Genus: Stachys// Species: Stachys alpina L.

Determined according to the botanical keys provided by Matevski (2021) and Ball (1972 in Tutin et al.).

Lifeform: Perennial plant. Hemicryptophyte according to the Raunkiaer system.

Distribution: Native from Europe to Iran according to the distribution information provided by the Plants of the World Online portal (Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew).

Habitat: Clearings and edges of beech forests. Recorded in Ponikva at c. 1300–1500 m a.s.l.

Flowering period: Summer: JUL, AUG.

Locality: Ponikva. Date: 10.07.2022.

*Stachys alpina* – habit. Osogovo- Ponikva, 10.07.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski

Locality: Ponikva. Date: 24.07.2021.

*Stachys alpina* – habit. Osogovo- Ponikva, 24.07.2021. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

References:

Ball, P. W. 1972. Stachys L. (incl. Betonica L.). In Tutin, T. G., Heywood, V. H., Burges, N. A., Moore, D. M., Valentine, D. H., Walters, S. M. & Webb, D. A. (eds.), Flora Europaea. Volume 3. Diapensiaceae to Myoporaceae. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 151–157.

Matevski, V. 2021. Stachys L, The Flora of the RN Macedonia. Vol II, Book 2. Skopje: Macedonian Academy of Sciences and Arts, pp. 270–301.

Stachys alpina L. Plants of the World Online, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. http://www.plantsoftheworldonline.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:459286-1 [Accessed 04.08.2021].

Stachys alpina. The Euro+Med Plantbase. Source: 2010: World Checklist of Selected Plant Families (2010), copyright © The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. https://europlusmed.org/cdm_dataportal/taxon/1d50f35a-398f-4862-a8c7-099e189b3e27 [Accessed 24.03.2026].

Last update: 24.03.2026.

Galeopsis bifida Boenn.

Taxonomy: Fam. Lamiaceae// Genus: Galeopsis// Species: Galeopsis bifida Boenn.

Determined according to the botanical keys provided by Townsend in Tutin et al. (1972) and Ćušterevska in Matevski (2021).

Distribution: Native to Temperate Eurasia according to the distribution information provided by the Plants of the World Online portal.

Habitat: Grasslands, pastures, clearings of forests from the lowest part up to c. 1600 m altitude.

Lifeform: Annual, therophyte according to the Raunkiaer system.

Flowering period: Summer: JUN, JUL, AUG.

*Galeopsis bifida* – habit. Osogovo – Ponikva – “Panagjur” peak, 12.08.2023. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Galeopsis bifida* – flowering stem. Osogovo – Ponikva – “Panagjur” peak, 12.08.2023. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Galeopsis bifida* – stem with cauline leaves and flowers. Osogovo – Ponikva – “Panagjur” peak, 12.08.2023. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Galeopsis bifida* – verticillasters with flowers. Osogovo – Ponikva – “Panagjur” peak, 12.08.2023. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Galeopsis bifida* – flower. Osogovo – Ponikva – “Panagjur” peak, 12.08.2023. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Galeopsis bifida* – flower and leaves. Osogovo – Ponikva – “Panagjur” peak, 12.08.2023. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Galeopsis bifida* – verticillasters and flower. Osogovo – Ponikva – “Panagjur” peak, 12.08.2023. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Galeopsis bifida* – spent verticillasters and leaves. Osogovo – Ponikva – “Panagjur” peak, 12.08.2023. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Galeopsis bifida* – leaves. Osogovo – Ponikva – “Panagjur” peak, 12.08.2023. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Galeopsis bifida* – adaxial side of leaf. Osogovo – Ponikva – “Panagjur” peak, 12.08.2023. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Galeopsis bifida* – abaxial side of leaf. Osogovo – Ponikva – “Panagjur” peak, 12.08.2023. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Galeopsis bifida* – stem. Osogovo – Ponikva – “Panagjur” peak, 12.08.2023. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Galeopsis bifida* – habit. Osogovo- Ponikva, 24.07.2021. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Galeopsis bifida* – inflorescence. Osogovo- Ponikva, 24.07.2021. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Galeopsis bifida* – verticillaster. Osogovo- Ponikva, 24.07.2021. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Galeopsis bifida* – flowers. Osogovo- Ponikva, 24.07.2021. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Galeopsis bifida* – stem with cauline leaves and verticillasters. Osogovo- Ponikva, 24.07.2021. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Galeopsis bifida* – stem with cauline leaves. Osogovo- Ponikva, 24.07.2021. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Galeopsis bifida* – cauline leaves. Osogovo- Ponikva, 24.07.2021. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Galeopsis bifida* – abaxial side of cauline leaves. Osogovo- Ponikva, 24.07.2021. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Galeopsis bifida* – stem. Osogovo- Ponikva, 24.07.2021. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Galeopsis bifida* – habit. Gorge of “Kochanska” River, 29.08.2021. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Galeopsis bifida* – flowering stem. Gorge of “Kochanska” River, 29.08.2021. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Galeopsis bifida* – flowers. Gorge of “Kochanska” River, 29.08.2021. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Galeopsis bifida* – verticillasters with flowers and developing seeds. Gorge of “Kochanska” River, 29.08.2021. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Galeopsis bifida* – seeds. Gorge of “Kochanska” River, 29.08.2021. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Galeopsis bifida* – leaf. Gorge of “Kochanska” River, 29.08.2021. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Galeopsis bifida* – stem. Gorge of “Kochanska” River, 29.08.2021. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

References:

Galeopsis bifida Boenn. Plants of the World Online, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. http://www.plantsoftheworldonline.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:447034-1 [Accessed 04.08.2021].

Galeopsis L. Ćušterevska, R. in Matevski, V. The Flora of the RN Macedonia. Vol II, Book 2. Macedonian Academy of Sciences and Arts, Skopje 353 – 388.

Galeopsis L. Townsend, C.C. in Tutin, T.G., Heywood, V.H., Burges, N.A., Moore, D.M., Valentine, D.H., Walters, S.M. & Webb, D.A. (1972). Flora Europaea. Volume 3: Diapensiaceae to Myoporaceae. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 145 – 147.

Last update: 26.01.2024.

Galium rotundifolium L.

Taxonomy: Fam. Rubiaceae// Genus: Galium// Species: Galium rotundifolium L.

Determined according to the botanical keys provided by Tutin et al. (1976) in Flora Europaea Vol. 4.

Distribution: Native to Morocco, Europe to Vietnam, Borneo, Jawa according to the distribution information provided by the Plants of the World Online portal.

Habitat: European beech (Fagus sylvatica) forests.

Lifeform: Perennial, hemicryptophyte according to the Raunkiaer system.

Flowering period: Summer: JUN, JUL.

Galium *rotundifolium* – habit. Osogovo- Ponikva, 19.06.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

Galium *rotundifolium* – flowering stems with inflorescence. Osogovo- Ponikva, 19.06.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

Galium *rotundifolium* – flowering stem with inflorescence. Osogovo- Ponikva, 19.06.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

Galium *rotundifolium* – inflorescence. Osogovo- Ponikva, 19.06.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

Galium *rotundifolium* – flowers. Osogovo- Ponikva, 19.06.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

Galium *rotundifolium* – flower. Osogovo- Ponikva, 19.06.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

Galium *rotundifolium* – stems with leaves. Osogovo- Ponikva, 19.06.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

Galium *rotundifolium* – leaves. Osogovo- Ponikva, 19.06.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

Galium *rotundifolium* – adaxial side of leaves. Osogovo- Ponikva, 19.06.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

Galium *rotundifolium* – abaxial side of leaves and stem. Osogovo- Ponikva, 19.06.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

Galium *rotundifolium* – habit. Osogovo- Ponikva, 03.07.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

Galium *rotundifolium* – flowers. Osogovo- Ponikva, 03.07.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

Galium *rotundifolium* – inflorescence with fruits. Osogovo- Ponikva, 03.07.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

Galium *rotundifolium* – fruits. Osogovo- Ponikva, 03.07.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

Galium *rotundifolium* – habit. Osogovo- Ponikva, 24.07.2021. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

Galium *rotundifolium* – stem with lowers and fruits . Osogovo- Ponikva, 24.07.2021. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

Galium *rotundifolium* – inflorescence. Osogovo- Ponikva, 24.07.2021. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

Galium *rotundifolium* – fruits. Osogovo- Ponikva, 24.07.2021. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

Galium *rotundifolium* – leaves. Osogovo- Ponikva, 24.07.2021. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

References:

Galium rotundifolium L. Plants of the World Online, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. http://www.plantsoftheworldonline.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:750546-1 [Accessed 04.08.2021].

Last update: 18.12.2022.

Galium album Mill. subsp. album

Taxonomy: Fam. Rubiaceae// Genus: Galium// Species: Galium album Mill.// Subspecies: Galium album Mill. subsp. album.

Determined according to the botanical keys provided by Ehrendorfer et al. in Tutin et al. (1976) and the botanical keys for Galium sect. Leiogalum provided by Ančev and Krendl (2011).

Species variability: Two subspecies of Galium album Mill. occur in the Osogovo region: Galium album Mill. subsp. album and Galium album subsp. pycnotrichum (Heinr. Braun) Krendl (Heinr. Braun) Krendl.

Distinction between subspecies:

subsp. album: predominantly glabrous (or with papillose leaves), more slender plant up to 80 cm high, leaves more or less gradually narrowed at the apex.

subsp. pycnotrichum: a robust, taller plant, with densely hairy stems and leaves, leaves usually abruptly narrowed at apex.

Lifeform: Perennial, hemicryptophyte according to the Raunkiaer system.

Distribution: Native from Europe to West Siberia, North Africa to Sudan according to the distribution information provided by the Plants of the World Online portal.

Habitat: Mountain pastures, clearings of forests, sparse woods in the European beech forest zone up to c. 1600-1650 m altitude.

Flowering period: Summer: JUN, JUL, AUG.

*Galium album* subsp. *album*– habit in habitat. Osogovo- Ponikva, 30.06.2025. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Galium album* subsp. *album*– inflorescence. Osogovo- Ponikva, 30.06.2025. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Galium album* subsp. *album*– partial inflorescence with flowers. Osogovo- Ponikva, 30.06.2025. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Galium album* subsp. *album*– axis of inflorescence and branches. Osogovo- Ponikva, 30.06.2025. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Galium album* subsp. *album*– stem. Osogovo- Ponikva, 30.06.2025. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Galium album* subsp. *album*– stem and branches. Osogovo- Ponikva, 30.06.2025. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Galium album* subsp. *album*– stem and leaves. Osogovo- Ponikva, 30.06.2025. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Galium album* subsp. *album*– stem, branches and leaves. Osogovo- Ponikva, 30.06.2025. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Galium album* subsp. *album*– habit in habitat. Osogovo- Ponikva, 24.07.2021. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Galium album* subsp. *album*– habit. Osogovo- Ponikva, 24.07.2021. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

Galium album subsp. *album*– inflorescence. Osogovo- Ponikva, 24.07.2021. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Galium album* subsp. *album*– partial inflorescence with flowers. Osogovo- Ponikva, 24.07.2021. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Galium album* – fruiting inflorescence. Osogovo- Ponikva, 24.07.2021. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Galium album* – stem with cauline leaves. Osogovo- Ponikva, 24.07.2021. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Galium album* – cauline leaves. Osogovo- Ponikva, 24.07.2021. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

References:

Gallium L. Ehrendorfer, F. (Sect. Platygalium, Trachygalium, Galium, Leiogalium, Jubogalium and Kolgyda in collaboration with Krendl, F.; Sect. Aparinoides in collaboration with Puff., Ch.) in Tutin, T.G., Heywood, V.H., Burges, N.A., Moore, D.M., Valentine, D.H., Walters, S.M. & Webb, D.A. (1976). Flora Europaea. Volume 4: Plantaginaceae to Compositae (and Rubiaceae). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 14 – 36.

Ančev, M. and Krendl, F. (2011). Galium sect. Leiogalium (Rubiaceae) in the Bulgarian flora. Phytologia Balcanica 17(3): 291–314. http://www.bio.bas.bg/~phytolbalcan/PDF/17_3/17_3_05_Anchev_&_Krendl.pdf [Accessed 03.08.2021].

Galium album subsp. album. Plants of the World Online, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:77168429-1 [Accessed 04.08.2025].

Hypericum maculatum subsp. immaculatum (Murb.) A. Fröhl.

Taxonomy: Fam. Clusiaceae// Genus: Hypericum// Species: Hypericum maculatum Crantz// Subsp. Hypericum maculatum subsp. immaculatum (Murb.) A. Fröhl. The classification is given according to the Euro+Med PlanBase (Marhold, 2011).

Determined according to the botanical key provided in The Flora of the Republic of Macedonia (Micevski, 1995).

Lifeform: Perennial; Hemicryptophyte according to the Raunkiær system.

Distribution: Hypericum maculatum Crantz is native from Europe to Central Siberia (Plants of the World Online portal). Hypericum maculatum subsp. immaculatum (Murb.) Fröhl is native to the Balkan Peninsula and Romania (The Euro+Med PlantBase – source: Marhold, 2011; Plants of the World Online portal).

Habitat: Mountain grassland, edges and clearings of forests.

Flowering period: Summer (JUL, AUG).

*Hypericum maculatum* subsp. immaculatum– habit. Osogovo- Ponikva, 24.07.2021. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Hypericum maculatum* subsp. *immaculatum*– flowers. Osogovo- Ponikva, 24.07.2021. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Hypericum maculatum* subsp. *immaculatum*– flower. Osogovo- Ponikva, 24.07.2021. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Hypericum maculatum* subsp. immaculatum– calyx. Osogovo- Ponikva, 24.07.2021. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Hypericum maculatum* subsp. *immaculatum* – capsules. Osogovo- Ponikva, 24.07.2021. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Hypericum maculatum* subsp. *immaculatum* – stem with wings and cauline leaves. Osogovo- Ponikva, 24.07.2021. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Hypericum maculatum* subsp. *immaculatum* – stem with cauline leaves. Osogovo- Ponikva, 24.07.2021. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

Hypericum maculatum subsp. *immaculatum* – cauline leaf. Osogovo- Ponikva, 24.07.2021. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Hypericum maculatum* subsp. *immaculatum* – abaxial side of leaves. Osogovo- Ponikva, 24.07.2021. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Hypericum maculatum* subsp. *immaculatum* – stem with wings. Osogovo- Ponikva, 24.07.2021. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

References:

Hypericum maculatum Crantz. Plants of the World Online, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. http://www.plantsoftheworldonline.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:325096-2 [Accessed 02.08.2021].

Hypericum maculatum subsp. immaculatum (Murb.) A.Fröhl. Plants of the World Online, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. http://www.plantsoftheworldonline.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:1004596-2 [Accessed 02.08.2021].

Hypericum maculatum subsp. immaculatum. Marhold, K. (2011): Clusiaceae. – In: Euro+Med Plantbase – the information resource for Euro-Mediterranean plant diversity. Published on the Internet http://ww2.bgbm.org/EuroPlusMed/PTaxonDetail.asp?NameId=23234&PTRefFk=7200000 [Accessed 02.08.2021].

Micevski, K. (1995). The Flora of the Republic of Macedonia Vol. I, Book 3. Macedonian Academy of Sciences and Arts.