Osogovo nature

Pilosella hoppeana (Schult.) F. W. Schultz & Sch. Bip. (syn. Hieracium hoppeanum Schult.)

Taxonomy: Fam. Compositae// Genus: Pilosella// Species: Pilosella hoppeana (Schult.) F. W. Schultz & Sch. Bip.

Determined according to the botanical keys provided in Flora Europaea Vol. 4 (Tutin et al., 1976) as Hieracium hoppeanum Schult. The accepted name by The Euro+Med PlantBase is Pilosella hoppeana (Schult.) F. W. Schultz & Sch. Bip. (source: Bräutigam & Greuter, 2007-2009).

Lifeform: Perennial; Hemicryptophyte according to the Raunkiær system.

Distribution: Native from Central to South, Southeast Europe and Turkey according to the distribution information provided by the Plants of The Euro+Med PlantBase (source: Bräutigam & Greuter, 2007-2009).

Habitat: Open habitats- grassland, rocky terrains, clearings of forests.

Flowering period: Spring – summer (MAY, JUN, JUL).

*Pilosella hoppeana* – habit. Mountain ridge between artificial lake “Gradche” and the Gorge of “Orizarska” River, 05.06.2021. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Pilosella hoppeana* – habit. Mountain ridge between artificial lake “Gradche” and the Gorge of “Orizarska” River, 04.07.2021. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Pilosella hoppeana* – capitulum. Mountain ridge between artificial lake “Gradche” and the Gorge of “Orizarska” River, 05.06.2021. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Pilosella hoppeana* – capitulum with involucre. Mountain ridge between artificial lake “Gradche” and the Gorge of “Orizarska” River, 05.06.2021. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Pilosella hoppeana* – capitulum. Mountain ridge between artificial lake “Gradche” and the Gorge of “Orizarska” River, 04.07.2021. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Pilosella hoppeana* – involucre. Mountain ridge between artificial lake “Gradche” and the Gorge of “Orizarska” River, 04.07.2021. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Pilosella hoppeana* – fruiting capitulum. Mountain ridge between artificial lake “Gradche” and the Gorge of “Orizarska” River, 04.07.2021. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Pilosella hoppeana* – fruiting capitulum with achenes. Mountain ridge between artificial lake “Gradche” and the Gorge of “Orizarska” River, 04.07.2021. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Pilosella hoppeana* – achenes. Mountain ridge between artificial lake “Gradche” and the Gorge of “Orizarska” River, 04.07.2021. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Pilosella hoppeana* – plant base. Mountain ridge between artificial lake “Gradche” and the Gorge of “Orizarska” River, 04.07.2021. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Pilosella hoppeana* – plant base. Mountain ridge between artificial lake “Gradche” and the Gorge of “Orizarska” River, 05.06.2021. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Pilosella hoppeana* – basal leaves. Mountain ridge between artificial lake “Gradche” and the Gorge of “Orizarska” River, 05.06.2021. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Pilosella hoppeana* – basal leaf. Mountain ridge between artificial lake “Gradche” and the Gorge of “Orizarska” River, 05.06.2021. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Pilosella hoppeana* – adaxial side of leaf. Mountain ridge between artificial lake “Gradche” and the Gorge of “Orizarska” River, 05.06.2021. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Pilosella hoppeana* – abaxial side of leaf. Mountain ridge between artificial lake “Gradche” and the Gorge of “Orizarska” River, 05.06.2021. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Pilosella hoppeana* – abaxial side of leaf. Mountain ridge between artificial lake “Gradche” and the Gorge of “Orizarska” River, 04.07.2021. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

References:

Bräutigam, S. & Greuter, W. (2007-2009): Pilosella. – In: Greuter, W. & Raab-Straube, E. von (ed.): Compositae. Euro+Med Plantbase – the information resource for Euro-Mediterranean plant diversity. Published on the Internet http://ww2.bgbm.org/EuroPlusMed/PTaxonDetail.asp?NameId=7701317&PTRefFk=7000000 [Accessed 30.07.2021].

Tutin, T.G., Heywood, V.H., Burges, N.A., Moore, D.M., Valentine, D.H., Walters, S.M. & Webb, D.A. (1976). Flora Europaea. Volume 4: Plantaginaceae to Compositae (and Rubiaceae). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Pilosella cymosa (L.) F. W. Schultz & Sch. Bip.

Taxonomy: Fam. Compositae// Genus: Pilosella// Species: Pilosella cymosa (L.) F. W. Schultz & Sch. Bip.

Determined according to the botanical keys provided in Flora Europaea Vol. 4 (Tutin et al., 1976) as Hieracium cymosa L. The accepted name by The Euro+Med PlantBase is Pilosella cymosa (L.) F. W. Schultz & Sch. Bip. (source: Bräutigam & Greuter, 2007-2009).

Lifeform: Perennial; Hemicryptophyte according to the Raunkiær system.

Distribution: Native from Europe to West Siberia and Kazakhstan according to the distribution information provided by the Plants of the World Online portal.

Habitat: Clearings of oak forests.

Flowering period: Spring – summer (MAY, JUN).

*Pilosella cymosa* – habit. Mountain ridge between artificial lake “Gradche” and the Gorge of “Orizarska” River, 16.05.2021. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Pilosella cymosa* – habit. Mountain ridge between artificial lake “Gradche” and the Gorge of “Orizarska” River, 05.06.2021. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Pilosella cymosa* – inflorescence. Mountain ridge between artificial lake “Gradche” and the Gorge of “Orizarska” River, 16.05.2021. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Pilosella cymosa* – capiltula. Mountain ridge between artificial lake “Gradche” and the Gorge of “Orizarska” River, 16.05.2021. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Pilosella cymosa* – inflorescence with involucre. Mountain ridge between artificial lake “Gradche” and the Gorge of “Orizarska” River, 16.05.2021. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Pilosella cymosa* – fruiting capitula. Mountain ridge between artificial lake “Gradche” and the Gorge of “Orizarska” River, 05.06.2021. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Pilosella cymosa* – inflorescence. Mountain ridge between artificial lake “Gradche” and the Gorge of “Orizarska” River, 05.06.2021. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Pilosella cymosa* – stem. Mountain ridge between artificial lake “Gradche” and the Gorge of “Orizarska” River, 16.05.2021. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Pilosella cymosa* – plant base. Mountain ridge between artificial lake “Gradche” and the Gorge of “Orizarska” River, 16.05.2021. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Pilosella cymosa* – basal leaf. Mountain ridge between artificial lake “Gradche” and the Gorge of “Orizarska” River, 16.05.2021. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Pilosella cymosa* – basal leaves and lower part of stem. Mountain ridge between artificial lake “Gradche” and the Gorge of “Orizarska” River, 05.06.2021. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Pilosella cymosa* – basal leaves. Mountain ridge between artificial lake “Gradche” and the Gorge of “Orizarska” River, 05.06.2021. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Pilosella cymosa* – abaxial side of leaf. Mountain ridge between artificial lake “Gradche” and the Gorge of “Orizarska” River, 16.05.2021. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Pilosella cymosa* – abaxial surface of leaf. Mountain ridge between artificial lake “Gradche” and the Gorge of “Orizarska” River, 05.06.2021. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

References:

Pilosella cymosa (L.) F.W.Schultz & Sch.Bip. Plants of the World Online portal, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. http://www.plantsoftheworldonline.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:238062-1 [Accessed 30.07.2021].

Hieracium sparsum Friv.

Taxonomy: Fam. Compositae// Genus: Hieracium// Species: Hieracium sparsum Friv.

Determined according to the botanical key by Sell and West (1976 in Tutin et al.).

Lifeform: Perennial plant. Hemicryptophyte according to the Raunkiær system.

Distribution: Native to Central Europe, Italy, Balkan Peninsula to Caucasus and Turkey according to The Euro+Med PlantBase (source: Greuter, 2006+).

Habitat: Subalpine pastures, edges of European beech forests.

Flowering period: Summer (JUL, AUG).

Locality: Ponikva. Date: 04.07.2022.

*Hieracium sparsum* – habit. Osogovo- Ponikva, 04.07.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

Locality: Ponikva. Date: 10.07.2022.

*Hieracium sparsum* – habit. Osogovo- Ponikva, 10.07.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

Locality: Ponikva. Date: 15.08.2022.

*Hieracium sparsum* – habit. Osogovo- Ponikva, 15.08.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

Locality: Ponikva. Date: 27.08.2022.

*Hieracium sparsum* – habit. Osogovo- Ponikva, 27.08.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

Locality: Ponikva. Date: 24.07.2021.

*Hieracium sparsum* -habit. Osogovo- Ponikva, 24.07.2021. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

References:

Hieracium sparsum. Greuter, W. (2006+): Compositae (pro parte majore). – In: Greuter, W. & Raab-Straube, E. von (ed.): Compositae. Euro+Med Plantbase – the information resource for Euro-Mediterranean plant diversity. Published on the Internet https://europlusmed.org/cdm_dataportal/taxon/ab8b346c-d8e8-4311-80d5-3fed9bdb8522 [Accessed 29.12.2022].

Hieracium sparsum. Greuter, W. (2006+): Compositae (pro parte majore). – In: Greuter, W. & Raab-Straube, E. von (ed.): Compositae. Euro+Med Plantbase – the information resource for Euro-Mediterranean plant diversity. Published on the Internet http://ww2.bgbm.org/EuroPlusMed/PTaxonDetail.asp?NameCache=Hieracium%20sparsum&PTRefFk=7000000 [Accessed 29.07.2021].

Sell, P. D. & West., C. 1976. Hieracium L. (incl. Pilosella Hill.). In Tutin, T. G., Heywood, V. H., Burges, N. A., Moore, D. M., Valentine, D. H., Walters, S. M. & Webb, D. A. (eds.), Flora Europaea. Volume 4. Plantaginaceae to Compositae (and Rubiaceae). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 358–410.

Last update: 29.12.2022.

Hieracium murorum subsp. psilodontum Zahn

Taxonomy: Fam. Compositae// Genus: Hieracium// Species: Hieracium murorum L.// Subspecies: Hieracium murorum subsp. psilodontum Zahn.

Determined according to the botanical keys provided by Sell and West (1976 in Tutin et al.) and Gajić (1975 in Josifović) .

Lifeform: Perennial plant. Hemicryptophyte according to the Raunkiær system.

Distribution: Hieracium murorum L. is native to South Greenland, Europe to Caucasus (Plants of the World Online portal, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew), while Hieracium murorum subsp. psilodontum Zahn is native to the Balkan Penisula (The Euro+Med PlantBase, source Greuter 2006+; Plants of the World Online portal, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew).

Habitat: Clearings and edges of oak and beech forests, from 800 m up to 1600 m altitude.

Flowering period: Summer (JUN, JUL, AUG).

Locality: Osogovo, between Visoka Chuka (Ponikva) and the village of Ratkovica (Ratkova skala region). Date: 19.06.2022.

*Hieracium murorum* subsp. psilodontum – habit. Osogovo- Osogovo, between Visoka Chuka (Ponikva) and the village of Ratkovica (Ratkova skala region), 08.06.2023. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

Locality: Ponikva. Date: 19.06.2022.

*Hieracium murorum* subsp. psilodontum – habit. Osogovo- Ponikva, 19.06.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

Locality: Ponikva. Date: 03.07.2022.

*Hieracium murorum* subsp. psilodontum – habit. Osogovo- Ponikva, 03.07.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

Locality: Ponikva. Date: 24.07.2021.

*Hieracium murorum* subsp. psilodontum – habit in habitat. Osogovo- Ponikva, 24.07.2021. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

References:

Gajić, M. 1975. Rod Hieracium L. In Josifović, M. (ed.), Flora SR Srbije, VII. Srpska Akademija Nauka i Umetnosti, Beograd, pp. 336–465.

Hieracium murorum L. Plants of the World Online portal, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:30008848-2 [Accessed 27.07.2021].

Hieracium murorum subsp. psilodontum. Source: Greuter, W. (2006+): Compositae (pro parte majore). – In: Greuter, W. & Raab-Straube, E. von (ed.): Compositae. Euro+Med Plantbase – the information resource for Euro-Mediterranean plant diversity. Published on the Internet https://europlusmed.org/cdm_dataportal/taxon/e6885e9f-004f-4e39-a988-0e88914dbd49 [Accessed 27.07.2021].

Hieracium murorum subsp. psilodontum Zahn. Plants of the World Online portal, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:3285325-4 [Accessed 21.01.2023].

Last update: 10.06.2023.

Bruckenthalia spiculifolia (Salisb.) Rchb.

Taxonomy: Fam. Ericaceae// Genus: Bruckenthalia// Species: Bruckenthalia spiculifolia (Salisb.) Rchb.

Determined according to the botanical keys provided by Micevski (1998).

Lifeform: Perrenial; Nanophanerophyte according to the Raunkiær system.

Distribution: Native from the Balkan Peninsula to Ukraine and Turkey according to the distribution information provided by The Euro+Med PlanBase (source: Valdés, 2009+).

Habitat: Found in the subalpine belt of Osogovo in grasslands, pastures clearings and edges of subalpine beech forests at c. 1600 m altitude above.

Flowering period: Early summer, with occasional secondary flushes later on: JUN (-JUL).

*Bruckenthalia spiculifolia* – habit in habitat. Osogovo, Ponikva, 19.06.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Bruckenthalia spiculifolia* – habit. Osogovo, Ponikva, 19.06.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Bruckenthalia spiculifolia* – flowering stems with flowers. Osogovo, Ponikva, 19.06.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Bruckenthalia spiculifolia* – flowering stem with flowers. Osogovo, Ponikva, 19.06.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Bruckenthalia spiculifolia* – vegetative stems with leaves. Osogovo, Ponikva, 19.06.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Bruckenthalia spiculifolia* – habit. Osogovo- Ponikva, 24.07.2021. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Bruckenthalia spiculifolia* – inflorescence. Osogovo- Ponikva, 24.07.2021. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Bruckenthalia spiculifolia* – branches with leaves. Osogovo- Ponikva, 24.07.2021. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

References:

Bruckenthalia Reichenb. Micevski, K. (1998). The Flora of the Republic of Macedonia Vol. I, Book 4. Macedonian Academy of Sciences and Arts, pp. 782 – 783.

Bruckenthalia spiculifolia.Valdés, B. (2009+): Bruckenthalia. – In: Euro+Med Plantbase – the information resource for Euro-Mediterranean plant diversity. Published on the Internet http://ww2.bgbm.org/EuroPlusMed/PTaxonDetail.asp?NameId=19585&PTRefFk=7100000 [Accessed 27.07.2021].

Bruckenthalia spiculifolia. Source: Valdés, B. (2009+): Bruckenthalia. – In: Euro+Med Plantbase – the information resource for Euro-Mediterranean plant diversity. Published on the Internet https://europlusmed.org/cdm_dataportal/taxon/f4127f97-c303-40f4-a9b1-b392d463ead9 [Accessed 02.01.2023].

Last update: 02.01.2023.

Vaccinium myrtillus L.

Taxonomy: Fam. Ericaceae// Genus: Vaccinium// Species: Vaccinium myrtillus L.

Determined according to the botanical keys provided in The Flora of the Republic of Macedonia (Micevski, 1998).

Lifeform: Perrenial; Nanophanerophyte according to the Raunkiær system.

Distribution: Native to Greenland, Temperate Eurasia, West Canada to Northwest and West Central U.S.A. according to the Plants of the World Online portal.

Habitat: Edges and clearings of European beech forests, Pteridium aquilinum fields, along mountain streams, pastures – from c. 1450 m altitude up to the highest peaks. Frequent in the subalpine pastures belt.

Flowering period: Late spring – early summer: MAY, JUN.

*Vaccinium myrtillus* – habit in habitat. Osogovo – Ponikva, 28.05.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Vaccinium myrtillus* – habit. Osogovo – Ponikva, 28.05.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Vaccinium myrtillus* – flower. Osogovo – Ponikva, 28.05.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Vaccinium myrtillus* – flowers. Osogovo – Ponikva, 28.05.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Vaccinium myrtillus* – flower and developing fruits. Osogovo – Ponikva, 28.05.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Vaccinium myrtillus* – developing fruits. Osogovo – Ponikva, 28.05.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Vaccinium myrtillus* – leaves. Osogovo – Ponikva, 28.05.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Vaccinium myrtillus* – adaxial side of leaf. Osogovo – Ponikva, 28.05.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Vaccinium myrtillus* – plant base. Osogovo – Ponikva, 28.05.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Vaccinium myrtillus* – stems. Osogovo – Ponikva, 28.05.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Vaccinium myrtillus* – woody stems. Osogovo – Ponikva, 28.05.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Vaccinium myrtillus* – plant with fruits. Osogovo – Ponikva, 03.07.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Vaccinium myrtillus* – fruits. Osogovo – Ponikva, 03.07.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Vaccinium myrtillus* – fruit. Osogovo – Ponikva, 03.07.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Vaccinium myrtillus* -habit. Osogovo- Ponikva, 24.07.2021. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Vaccinium myrtillus* – ripe fruit. Osogovo- Ponikva, 24.07.2021. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Vaccinium myrtillus* – fruit. Osogovo- Ponikva, 24.07.2021. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Vaccinium myrtillus* – branches with leaves. Osogovo- Ponikva, 24.07.2021. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

References:

Vaccinium myrtillus L. Plants of the World Online, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. http://www.plantsoftheworldonline.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:30006039-2 [Accessed 26.07.2021].

Micevski, K. (1998). The Flora of the Republic of Macedonia Vol. I, Book 4. Macedonian Academy of Sciences and Arts.

Last update: 04.12.2022.

Geranium dissectum L.

Taxonomy: Fam. Geraniaceae// Genus: Geranium// Species: Geranium dissectum L.

Determined according to the botanical keys provided by Micevski (2005) and Webb and Ferguson (1968 in Tutin et al.)

Lifeform: Annual; Therophyte according to the Raunkiær system.

Distribution: Europe to West and Central Asia, North Africa according to the Plants of the World Online portal (Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew).

Habitat: Grasslands/ pastures, disturbed ground- near cultivated land, roadsides and other ruderal areas.

Flowering period: Spring: APR, MAY.

Locality: village of Pantelej region.

*Geranium dissectum* – habit in habitat. Osogovo – village of Pantelej region, 10.05.2021. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

Locality: village of Beli region.

*Geranium dissectum* – habit. Osogovo, hilly region near village of Beli, 30.04.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Geranium dissectum* – habit in habitat. Osogovo, hilly region near village of Beli, 15.05.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

Locality: village of Rajchani region.

*Geranium dissectum*– habit. Osogovo, hilly region near village of Beli, 30.04.2023. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

References:

Geranium dissectum. Aedo, C. 2009+: Geranium. – In: Aedo, C., Estébanez, B. & Navarro, C.; with contributions from Raab-Straube, E. von & Parolly, G., Geraniaceae. Euro+Med PlantBase – the information resource for Euro-Mediterranean plant diversity. Published at https://europlusmed.org/. https://europlusmed.org/cdm_dataportal/taxon/9486e82c-a58d-48a3-b614-256213574192 [Accessed 07.01.2026].

Geranium dissectum L. Plants of the World Online, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. http://www.plantsoftheworldonline.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:30210528-2 [Accessed 20.07.2021].

Micevski, K. 2005. Geranium L., The Flora of the Republic of Macedonia. Vol. I, Book 6. Skopje: Macedonian Academy of Sciences and Arts, pp. 1485–1509.

Webb, D. A. & Ferguson, I. K. 1968. Geranium L. In Tutin, T. G., Heywood, V. H., Burges, N. A., Moore, D. M. Valentine, D. H., Walters, S. M. & Webb, D. A. (eds.). Flora Europaea. Volume 2. Rosaceae to Umbelliferae. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 193–199.

Last update: 07.01.2026.

Trifolium micranthum Viv.

Taxonomy: Fam.Fabaceae// Genus: Trifolium// Species: Trifolium micranthum Viv.

The species was determined according to the botanical key provided in The Flora of Republic of Macedonia (Micevski, 2001).

Lifeform: Annual; Therophyte according to the Raunkiær system.

Distribution: Native to Macaronesia, North Africa to Iran, Europe to Caucasus according to the distribution information provided by the Plants of the World Online portal (Royal Botanic Gardens Kew).

Habitatat: Wet habitats, alongside rivers and streams.

Flowering period: Summer (JUN, JUL, AUG).

*Trifolium micranthum* – habit. Osogovo, “Shtalkovichka” River near village of Ratkovica, 15.07.2021. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Trifolium micranthum* – stems with inflorescences and cauline leaves. Osogovo, “Shtalkovichka” River near village of Ratkovica, 15.07.2021. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Trifolium micranthum* – stem with fruiting inflorescences. Osogovo, “Shtalkovichka” River near village of Ratkovica, 15.07.2021. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Trifolium micranthum* – stems with fruiting inflorescences. Osogovo, “Shtalkovichka” River near village of Ratkovica, 15.07.2021. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

References:

Micevski, K. (2001). The Flora of the Republic of Macedonia Vol. I, Book 5. Macedonian Academy of Sciences and Arts.

Trifolium micranthum Viv. Plants of the World Online portal, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. http://www.plantsoftheworldonline.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:523401-1 [Accessed 18.07.2021].

Arctium lappa L.

Taxonomy: Fam. Compositae// Genus: Arctium // Species: Arctium lappa L.

Determined according to the botanical key provided by Perring (1976 in Tutin et al.).

Distribution: Native to Temperate Eurasia to Greenland according to the distribution information provided by the Plants of the World Online portal (Royal Botanic Gardens Kew).

Habitat: Usually found on disturbed ground – near settlements, roads, orchards, also on the edges of woods.

Lifeform: Biennial plant.

Flowering period: Summer (JUN, JUL, AUG).

*Arctium lappa* – habit. Osogovo, “Shtalkovichka” River near village of Shtalkovica, 15.07.2021. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

References:

Arctium lappa. Greuter, W. 2006+: Compositae (pro parte majore). – In: Greuter, W. & Raab-Straube, E. von, Compositae. Euro+Med PlantBase – the information resource for Euro-Mediterranean plant diversity. Published at https://europlusmed.org/. https://europlusmed.org/cdm_dataportal/taxon/7285898c-9d58-4cc1-b778-01a046f8a0f6 [Accessed 25.02.2026].

Arctium lappa L. Plants of the World Online portal, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. http://www.plantsoftheworldonline.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:178385-1 [Accessed 18.07.2021].

Perring, F. H.1976. Arctium L. Tutin, T. G., Heywood, V. H., Burges, N. A., Moore, D. M., Valentine, D. H., Walters, S. M. & Webb, D. A. (eds.), Flora Europaea. Volume 4. Plantaginaceae to Compositae (and Rubiaceae). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, p. 215.

Last update: 25.02.2026.

Euphorbia stricta L.

Taxonomy: Fam. Euphorbiaceae// Genus: Euphorbia// Species: Euphorbia stricta L.

Determined according to the botanical keys provided by Micevski in Micevski (1998).

Distribution: Native from West Europe to Iran according to the distribution information provided by the Plants of the World Online portal (Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew).

Habitat: Found on the edges of mixed oak and European beech forests, alongside rivers.

Lifeform: Annual; therophyte according to the Raunkiaer system.

Flowering period: Summer (JUN, JUL, AUG).

*Euphorbia stricta* – habit. Osogovo – Ponikva, 20.08.2023. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Euphorbia stricta* – habit. Osogovo, “Shtalkovichka” River near village of Shtalkovica, 15.07.2021. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

References:

Euphorbia stricta L. Plants of the World Online, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. http://www.plantsoftheworldonline.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:348373-1 [Accessed 18.07.2021].

Euphorbia L. Micevski, K. in Micevski, K. (1998). The Flora of the Republic of Macedonia Vol. I, Book 4. Macedonian Academy of Sciences and Arts, pp. 846 – 876.

Last update: 19.12.2025.