Osogovo nature

Campanula rotundifolia L. (syn. Campanula jordanovii Ančev & Kovanda)

Taxonomy: Fam. Campanulaceae// Genus: Campanula// Species: Campanula rotundifolia L.

Determined according to the botanical keys provided by Fedorov and Kovanda in Tutin et al. (1976) as Campanula rotundifolia L. and the botanical keys for the Campanula rontundifolia complex by Kovanda and Ančev as Campanula jordanovii Ančev & Kovanda. The later taxon is not accepted in The Euro+Med PlantBase (Castroviejo et al., 2010+) and is considered a synonym of Campanula rotundifolia L.

Lifeform: Perennial; hemicryptophyte according to the Raunkiær system.

Distribution: Campanula jordanovii is native to the Balkan Peninsula – Bulgaria and North Macedonia; Campanula rotundifolia is native from Europe to Russian Far East according to the distribution information provided by the Plants of the World Online portal (Royal Botanic Gardens Kew).

Habitat: Subalpine pastures at c. 1700 above (between Retki buki and Mrtvicki rid, “Carev vrv” peak).

Flowering period: Summer: JUL, AUG.

*Campanula rotundifolia* (syn. *Campanula jordanovii*) – habit. Osogovo – subalpine pasture in “Retki buki” region, 15.07.2023. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Campanula rotundifolia* (syn. *Campanula jordanovii*) – flowering stems with flowers. Osogovo – subalpine pasture in “Retki buki” region, 15.07.2023. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Campanula rotundifolia* (syn. *Campanula jordanovii*) – flowering stem with flowers. Osogovo – subalpine pasture in “Retki buki” region, 15.07.2023. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Campanula rotundifolia* (syn. *Campanula jordanovii*) – flowering stem with flowers and flower buds. Osogovo – subalpine pasture in “Retki buki” region, 15.07.2023. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Campanula rotundifolia* (syn. *Campanula jordanovii*) – flowering stem with flower buds. Osogovo – subalpine pasture in “Retki buki” region, 15.07.2023. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Campanula rotundifolia* (syn. *Campanula jordanovii*) – flower. Osogovo – subalpine pasture in “Retki buki” region, 15.07.2023. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Campanula rotundifolia* (syn. *Campanula jordanovii*) – flowers. Osogovo – subalpine pasture in “Retki buki” region, 15.07.2023. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Campanula rotundifolia* (syn. *Campanula jordanovii*) – side view of flower – corolla, calyx and ovary. Osogovo – subalpine pasture in “Retki buki” region, 15.07.2023. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Campanula rotundifolia* (syn. *Campanula jordanovii*) – stem and upper cauline leaf. Osogovo – subalpine pasture in “Retki buki” region, 15.07.2023. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Campanula rotundifolia* (syn. *Campanula jordanovii*) – stem and upper cauline leaves. Osogovo – subalpine pasture in “Retki buki” region, 15.07.2023. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Campanula rotundifolia* (syn. *Campanula jordanovii*) – stem and cauline leaves. Osogovo – subalpine pasture in “Retki buki” region, 15.07.2023. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Campanula rotundifolia* (syn. *Campanula jordanovii*) – stem and leaves. Osogovo – subalpine pasture in “Retki buki” region, 15.07.2023. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Campanula rotundifolia* (syn. *Campanula jordanovii*) – base of flowering stem and basal leaves. Osogovo – subalpine pasture in “Retki buki” region, 15.07.2023. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Campanula rotundifolia* (syn. *Campanula jordanovii*) – basal leaves. Osogovo – subalpine pasture in “Retki buki” region, 15.07.2023. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Campanula rotundifolia* (syn. *Campanula jordanovii*) – rhizome. Osogovo – subalpine pasture in “Retki buki” region, 15.07.2023. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Campanula rotundifolia* (syn. *Campanula jordanovii*) – habit. Scale in cm/mm. Specimen from Osogovo – subalpine pasture in “Retki buki” region, 15.07.2023. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Campanula rotundifolia* (syn. *Campanula jordanovii*) – flowers. Scale in mm. Specimen from Osogovo – subalpine pasture in “Retki buki” region, 15.07.2023. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Campanula rotundifolia* (syn. *Campanula jordanovii*) – flower. Scale in mm. Specimen from Osogovo – subalpine pasture in “Retki buki” region, 15.07.2023. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Campanula rotundifolia* (syn. *Campanula jordanovii*) – developing capsule. Scale in mm. Specimen from Osogovo – subalpine pasture in “Retki buki” region, 15.07.2023. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Campanula rotundifolia* (syn. *Campanula jordanovii*)– stem and leaves. Scale in mm. Specimen from Osogovo – subalpine pasture in “Retki buki” region, 15.07.2023. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Campanula rotundifolia* (syn. *Campanula jordanovii*) – stem and upper leaves. Scale in mm. Specimen from Osogovo – subalpine pasture in “Retki buki” region, 15.07.2023. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Campanula rotundifolia* (syn. *Campanula jordanovii*) – rhizome. Scale in mm. Specimen from Osogovo – subalpine pasture in “Retki buki” region, 15.07.2023. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

References:

Campanula jordanovii Ancev & Kovanda. Plants of the World Online, Royal Botanic Gardens Kew. https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:937459-1 [Accessed 14.09.2025].

Campanula L. Fedorov, A. A. (spp. 1-104) and Kovanda, M. (spp. 105-143) in Tutin, T.G., Heywood, V.H., Burges, N.A., Moore, D.M., Valentine, D.H., Walters, S.M. & Webb, D.A. (1976). Flora Europaea. Volume 4: Plantaginaceae to Compositae (and Rubiaceae). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 74-93.

Campanula rotundifolia. Castroviejo, S., Aldasoro, J. J. & Alarcón, M.; with contributions from Hand, R. (2010+): Campanulaceae. – In: Euro+Med Plantbase – the information resource for Euro-Mediterranean plant diversity. https://europlusmed.org/cdm_dataportal/taxon/c454d5af-c66c-4d0a-b009-a0e8754e9c9c [Accessed 14.09.2025].

Campanula rotundifolia L. Plants of the World Online, Royal Botanic Gardens Kew. https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:30036649-2 [Accessed 21.07.2023].

Kovanda, M. and Anchev, M. (1989). The Campanula rotundifolia complex in Bulgaria. Preslia, Praha, 61: 193-207. https://www.preslia.cz/article/11354 [Accessed 14.09.2025].

Last update: 14.09.2025.

Sedum alpestre Vill.

Taxonomy: Fam: Crassulaceae// Genus: Sedum // Species: Sedum alpestre Vill.

Determined according to the botanical keys provided by Webb in Tutin et al. (1964) and Micevski in Micevski (1998).

Distribution: Native to Europe and Türkiye according to The Euro+Med PlantBase (source: Marhold, 2011+) and the Plants of the World Online portal (Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew).

Lifeform: Perrenial; hemicryptophyte according to the Raunkiær system.

Habitat: Rocks and stony ground in the subalpine belt – in the area of the highest mountain peaks at c. 2000 m above.

Flowering time: Summer: JUL.

*Sedum alpestre* – habit. Osogovo – “Carev vrv” peak, 15.07.2023. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Sedum alpestre* – flowering stem. Osogovo – “Carev vrv” peak, 15.07.2023. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Sedum alpestre* – fruiting inflorescences. Osogovo – “Carev vrv” peak, 15.07.2023. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Sedum alpestre* – fruiting inflorescence. Osogovo – “Carev vrv” peak, 15.07.2023. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Sedum alpestre* – leaves of flowering stems. Osogovo – “Carev vrv” peak, 15.07.2023. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Sedum alpestre* – leaves of flowering stem. Osogovo – “Carev vrv” peak, 15.07.2023. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Sedum alpestre* – fruiting inflorescences and vegetative stems. Osogovo – “Carev vrv” peak, 15.07.2023. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Sedum alpestre* – fruiting inflorescence and vegetative stems. Osogovo – “Carev vrv” peak, 15.07.2023. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Sedum alpestre* – vegetative stems. Osogovo – “Carev vrv” peak, 15.07.2023. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Sedum alpestre* – flowering stem. Scale in mm. Specimen from Osogovo – “Carev vrv” peak, 15.07.2023. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Sedum alpestre* – vegetative stems. Scale in mm. Specimen from Osogovo – “Carev vrv” peak, 15.07.2023. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

References:

Sedum alpestre. Marhold, K. (2011+): Crassulaceae. – In: Euro+Med Plantbase – the information resource for Euro-Mediterranean plant diversity. Published on the Internet https://europlusmed.org/cdm_dataportal/taxon/47ad85ae-9ca7-4b01-a5f5-626036aa82ea [Accessed 21.07.2023].

Sedum alpestre Vill. Plants of the World Online portal, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:275031-1 [Accessed 21.07.2023].

Sedum L. Micevski, K. in Micevski, K. (1998). The Flora of the Republic of Macedonia Vol. I, Book 4. Macedonian Academy of Sciences and Arts, pp. 1050 – 1069.

Webb, D.A. in Tutin, T.G., Heywood, V.H., Burges, N.A., Moore, D.M., Valentine, D.H., Walters, S.M., & Webb, D.A. (1964). Flora Europaea. Volume 1. Lycopodiaceae to Platanaceae (p. 464). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 356 – 363.

Arenaria biflora L.

Taxonomy: Fam. Caryophyllaceae// Genus: Arenaria// Species: Arenaria biflora L.

Determined according to the botanical keys provided by Chater and Halliday in Tutin et al. (1964) and Micevski (1993).

Lifeform: Perennial; hemicryptophyte according to the Raunkiaer system.

Distribution: Native from Central and South Europe to Southeast Europe according to to the distribution information provided by The Euro+Med PlantBase (source: Marhold, 2011+) and the Plants of the World Online portal (Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew).

Habitat: Subalpine pastures – “Carev Vrv” peak.

Flowering period: Summer: JUN, JUL, AUG.

*Arenaria biflora* – habit. Osogovo – “Carev vrv” peak, 15.07.2023. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Arenaria biflora* – flowering stems. Osogovo – “Carev vrv” peak, 15.07.2023. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Arenaria biflora* – flower. Osogovo – “Carev vrv” peak, 15.07.2023. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Arenaria biflora* – flowers. Osogovo – “Carev vrv” peak, 15.07.2023. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Arenaria biflora* – side view of flower (calyx). Osogovo – “Carev vrv” peak, 15.07.2023. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Arenaria biflora* – calyx of flower. Osogovo – “Carev vrv” peak, 15.07.2023. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Arenaria biflora* – capsules. Osogovo – “Carev vrv” peak, 15.07.2023. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Arenaria biflora* – capsules and stems with leaves. Osogovo – “Carev vrv” peak, 15.07.2023. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Arenaria biflora* – stems with leaves. Osogovo – “Carev vrv” peak, 15.07.2023. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Arenaria biflora* – stem with leaves. Osogovo – “Carev vrv” peak, 15.07.2023. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Arenaria biflora* – abaxial side of leaves. Osogovo – “Carev vrv” peak, 15.07.2023. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Arenaria biflora* – habit. Scale in cm/ mm. Specimen from Osogovo – “Carev vrv” peak, 15.07.2023. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Arenaria biflora* – capsules. Scale in mm. Specimen from Osogovo – “Carev vrv” peak, 15.07.2023. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Arenaria biflora* – seeds. Scale in mm. Specimen from Osogovo – “Carev vrv” peak, 15.07.2023. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

References:

Arenaria biflora L. Plants of the World Online portal, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:151005-1 [Accessed 20.07.2023].

Arenaria biflora. Marhold, K. (2011+): Caryophyllaceae. – In: Euro+Med Plantbase – the information resource for Euro-Mediterranean plant diversity. Published on the Internet https://europlusmed.org/cdm_dataportal/taxon/d4ab3b64-7d85-40d4-980a-6a05c855e4af [Accessed 20.07.2023].

Arenaria L. Chater, A.O. and Halliday, G. in Tutin, T.G., Heywood, V.H., Burges, N.A., Moore, D.M., Valentine, D.H., Walters, S.M., & Webb, D.A. (1964). Flora Europaea. Volume 1. Lycopodiaceae to Platanaceae. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 116-123.

Arenaria L. Micevski, K. (1993). The Flora of the Republic of Macedonia Vol. 1, Book 2. Macedonian Academy of Sciences and Arts, pp. 219- 224.

Achillea lingulata Waldst. & Kit.

Taxonomy: Fam. Compositae// Genus: Achillea// Species: Achillea lingulata Waldst. & Kit.

Determined according to the botanical keys provided by Richardson (1976 in Tutin et al.) and Gajić (1975 in Josifović).

Lifeform: Perrenial; hemicryptophyte according to the Raunkiær system.

Distribution: Native from the Balkan Peninsula to Ukraine according to the distribution information provided by The Euro+Med PlantBase (source: Greuter, 2006+) and the Plants of the World Online portal (Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew).

Habitat: Subalpine pastures.

Recorded in the following localities: Markova stupka below Carev vrv peak and Mrtvichki rid region on 15.07.2023.

Flowering period: Summer: JUL.

*Achillea* *lingulata* – habit. Osogovo – “Markova stupka” region of subalpine pastures near “Carev vrv” peak, 15.07.2023. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

References:

Achillea lingulata. Greuter, W. (2006+): Compositae (pro parte majore). – In: Greuter, W. & Raab-Straube, E. von (ed.): Compositae. Euro+Med Plantbase – the information resource for Euro-Mediterranean plant diversity. Published on the Internet https://europlusmed.org/cdm_dataportal/taxon/1c290e93-7ebf-42c6-87b1-2b0a90ca092e [Accessed 20.07.2023].

Achillea lingulata Waldst. & Kit. Plants of the World Online portal, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:174077-1 [Accessed 20.07.2023].

Gajić, M. Rod Achillea L. In Josifović (ed.), Flora SR Srbije, VII. Beograd: Srpska Akademija Nauka i Umetnosti, Beograd, pp. 90–110.

Richardson, I. В. K. 1976. Achillea L. In Tutin, T. G., Heywood, V. H., Burges, N. A., Moore, D. M., Valentine, D. H., Walters, S. M. & Webb, D. A. (eds), Flora Europaea. Volume 4. Plantaginaceae to Compositae (and Rubiaceae). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 159–165.

Cyanus orbelicus (Velen.) Soják.

Taxonomy: Fam. Compositae// Genus: Cyanus// Species: Cyanus orbelicus (Velen.) Soják.

Determined according to Skokanová et al. (2019) and Bancheva and Raimondo (2003). In Flora Europaea (Dostál, 1976 in Tutin et al.) this taxon was included in Centaurea napulifera subsp. nyssana (Petrović) Dostál (cited as Centaurea orbelica Velen.).

Lifeform: Perennial plant. Hemicryptophyte according to the Raunkiær system.

Distribution: Balkan Peninsula – Bulgaria, North Macedonia and Serbia (Skokanová et al., 2019).

Habitat: Subalpine pastures around the highest peaks.

Flowering period: Summer (JUN, JUL).

Locality: Carev Vrv Peak. Date: 15.07.2023.

*Cyanus orbelicus* – habit. Osogovo – “Carev vrv” peak, 15.07.2023. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

References:

Bancheva, S. T. and Raimondo, F. M. (2003). Biosystematic studies of seven Balkan species from genus Cyanus (Compositae). Bocconea 16(2): 507–527. https://www.herbmedit.org/bocconea/16-0507.pdf [Accessed 19.07.2023].

Cyanus orbelicus. Greuter, W. 2006+: Compositae (pro parte majore). – In: Greuter, W. & Raab-Straube, E. von, Compositae. Euro+Med PlantBase – the information resource for Euro-Mediterranean plant diversity. Published at https://europlusmed.org/. https://europlusmed.org/cdm_dataportal/taxon/b2085eb0-fad2-44d0-81fe-7902cb300799 [Accessed 19.07.2023].

Dostál, J. 1976. Centaurea L. In Tutin, T. G., Heywood, V. H., Burges, N. A., Moore, D. M., Valentine, D. H., Walters, S. M. & Webb, D. A. (eds.), Flora Europaea. Volume 4. Plantaginaceae to Compositae (and Rubiaceae). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 254–301.

Skokanová, K., Hodálová, I., Mereďa Jr., P., Slovák, M. and Kučera, J. (2019). The Cyanus tuberosus group (Asteraceae) in the Balkans: biological entities require correct names. Plant Systematics and Evolution 305: 569–596.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00606-019-01576-4.

Geum montanum L.

Taxonomy: Fam. Rosaceae// Genus: Geum// Species: Geum montanum L.

Determined according to the botanical key provided by Gajewski in Tutin et al. (1968) and Micevski in Micevski (1998).

Distribution: Native to Europe according to the distribution information provided by the Plants of the World Online portal (Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew) and The Euro+Med PlantBase (source: Kurtto, 2009+).

Habitat: Subalpine pastures.

Lifeform: Perrenial; hemicryptophyte according to the Raunkiaer system.

Flowering period: Summer: JUN, JUL.

*Geum montanum* – habit. Osogovo – region of subalpine pastures near “Carev vrv” peak, 15.07.2023. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Geum montanum* – flower. Osogovo – region of subalpine pastures near “Carev vrv” peak, 15.07.2023. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Geum montanum* – calyx and epicalyx of flower and uppermost cauline leaf. Osogovo – region of subalpine pastures near “Carev vrv” peak, 15.07.2023. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Geum montanum* – calyx and epicalyx of flower and cauline leaves. Osogovo – region of subalpine pastures near “Carev vrv” peak, 15.07.2023. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Geum montanum* – developing fruits. Osogovo – region of subalpine pastures near “Carev vrv” peak, 15.07.2023. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Geum montanum* – stems with fruits. Osogovo – region of subalpine pastures near “Carev vrv” peak, 15.07.2023. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Geum montanum* – fruits. Osogovo – region of subalpine pastures near “Carev vrv” peak, 15.07.2023. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Geum montanum* – fruits. The style is persistent in fruit in its entirety and is covered with long, ascending soft hairs. Osogovo – region of subalpine pastures near “Carev vrv” peak, 15.07.2023. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Geum montanum* – calyx and epicalyx in fruit. Osogovo – region of subalpine pastures near “Carev vrv” peak, 15.07.2023. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Geum montanum* – stem and cauline leaf of fruiting stem. Osogovo – region of subalpine pastures near “Carev vrv” peak, 15.07.2023. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Geum montanum* – flowering stem with cauline leaves and basal leaf. Osogovo – region of subalpine pastures near “Carev vrv” peak, 15.07.2023. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Geum montanum* – basal leaves. Osogovo – region of subalpine pastures near “Carev vrv” peak, 15.07.2023. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Geum montanum* – basal leaf. Osogovo – region of subalpine pastures near “Carev vrv” peak, 15.07.2023. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Geum montanum* – adaxial side of basal leaf. Osogovo – region of subalpine pastures near “Carev vrv” peak, 15.07.2023. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Geum montanum* – abaxial side of basal leaf. Osogovo – region of subalpine pastures near “Carev vrv” peak, 15.07.2023. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Geum montanum* – rhizome. Osogovo – region of subalpine pastures near “Carev vrv” peak, 15.07.2023. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

References:

Geum L. Micevski, K. in Micevski, K. (1998). The Flora of the Republic of Macedonia Vol. I, Book 4. Macedonian Academy of Sciences and Arts, pp. 927 – 933.

Geum L. Gajewski, W. in Tutin, T.G., Heywood, V.H., Burges, N.A., Moore, D.M., Valentine, D.H., Walters, S.M., & Webb, D.A. (1968). Flora Europaea. Volume 2. Rosaceae to Umbelliferae. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 34 – 36.

Geum montanum. Kurtto, A. (2009+): Rosaceae (pro parte majore). In: Euro+Med Plantbase – the information resource for Euro-Mediterranean plant diversity. Published on the Internet https://europlusmed.org/cdm_dataportal/taxon/b5b3d7ea-6b7f-4d22-8751-e0f483937bb0 [Accessed 19.07.2023].

Geum montanum L. Plants of the World Online portal, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:324725-2 [Accessed 19.07.2023].

Dianthus microlepis Boiss.

Taxonomy: Fam. Caryophyllaceae// Genus: Dianthus// Species: Dianthus microlepis Sm.

Determined according to the botanical key provided by Micevski (1993) and Tutin in Tutin et al. (1964).

Lifeform: Small, densely caespitose perennial with woody stock, less than 10 cm high; chamaephyte according to the Raunkiaer system.

Habitat: Found in the region of subalpine pastures – in dry places and stony/ rocky ground, from c. 1700 m altitude (Mrtvichki rid region) up to the highest peaks.

Distribution: Native to the Balkan peninsula according to The Euro+Med PlantBase (source: Marhold, 2011+) and the Plants of the World Online portal (Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew).

Flowering period: Spring – summer, sporadically reblooming until fall: MAY, JUN, JUL, (-AUG, -SEP, -OCT).

*Dianthus microlepis* – habit. Osogovo – Mrtvichki rid, 24.05.2024. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Dianthus microlepis* – flowering and vegetative shoots. Osogovo – Mrtvichki rid, 06.07.2024. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Dianthus microlepis* – flowers. Osogovo – Mrtvichki rid, 24.05.2024. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Dianthus microlepis* – flowers. Osogovo – Mrtvichki rid, 06.07.2024. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Dianthus microlepis* – side view of flower with calyx and epicalyx; stem with scale-like leaves. Osogovo – Mrtvichki rid, 06.07.2024. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Dianthus microlepis* – side view of flower with calyx and epicalyx; stem with scale-like leaves; basal leaves. Osogovo – Mrtvichki rid, 06.07.2024. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Dianthus microlepis* – basal leaves. Osogovo – Mrtvichki rid, 06.07.2024. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Dianthus microlepis* – habit. Osogovo – “Carev vrv” peak, 15.07.2023. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Dianthus microlepis* – flowers. Osogovo – “Carev vrv” peak, 15.07.2023. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Dianthus microlepis* – flower. Osogovo – “Carev vrv” peak, 15.07.2023. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Dianthus microlepis* – flower – calyx and epicalyx. Osogovo – “Carev vrv” peak, 15.07.2023. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Dianthus microlepis* – calyx and epicalyx of flower and scale-like cauline leaves. Osogovo – “Carev vrv” peak, 15.07.2023. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Dianthus microlepis* – stem with scale-like cauline leaves. Osogovo – “Carev vrv” peak, 15.07.2023. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Dianthus microlepis* – basal leaves of vegetative shoots. Osogovo – “Carev vrv” peak, 15.07.2023. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Dianthus microlepis* – habit. Osogovo – Mrtvichki rid, 30.09.2023. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Dianthus microlepis* – flower. Osogovo – Mrtvichki rid, 30.09.2023. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Dianthus microlepis* – side view of flower. Osogovo – Mrtvichki rid, 30.09.2023. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Dianthus microlepis* – leaves (vegetative shoots). Osogovo – Mrtvichki rid, 30.09.2023. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Dianthus microlepis* – leaves. Osogovo – Mrtvichki rid, 30.09.2023. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Dianthus microlepis* – abaxial side of leaves. Osogovo – Mrtvichki rid, 30.09.2023. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

References:

Dianthus L. Micevski, K. (1993). The Flora of the Republic of Macedonia Vol. I, Book 2. Macedonian Academy of Sciences and Arts, pp 360 – 390.

Dianthus L. Tutin, T.G. in Tutin, T.G., Heywood, V.H., Burges, N.A., Moore, D.M., Valentine, D.H., Walters, S.M., & Webb, D.A. (1964). Flora Europaea. Volume 1. Lycopodiaceae to Platanaceae. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 188-204.

Dianthus microlepis Boiss. Plants of the World Online, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:153598-1 [Accessed 22.01.2023].

Dianthus microlepis. Source: Marhold, K. (2011+): Caryophyllaceae. – In: Euro+Med Plantbase – the information resource for Euro-Mediterranean plant diversity. Published on the Internet. https://europlusmed.org/cdm_dataportal/taxon/49f3f935-a218-49f0-9acd-5bbd9c2b8739 [Accessed 18.07.2023].

Last update: 17.08.2024.

Jacobaea abrotanifolia subsp. carpathica (Herbich) B. Nord. & Greuter (syn. Senecio abrotanifolius subsp. carpathicus (Herbich) Nyman)

Taxonomy: Fam. Compositae// Genus: Jacobaea// Species: Jacobaea abrotanifolia (L.) Moench.// Subspecies: Jacobaea abrotanifolia subsp. carpathica (Herbich) B. Nord. & Greuter.

Determined according to the botanical keys provided by Chater and Walters (1976 in Tutin et al.) as Senecio abrotanifolius subsp. carpathicus (Herbich) Nyman, Consp. 356 (1879). The accepted name in The Euro+Med PlantBase (source: Greuter, 2006+) is Jacobaea abrotanifolia subsp. carpathica (Herbich) B. Nord. & Greuter in Willdenowia 36: 711. 2006.

Lifeform: Perennial plant. Hemicryptophyte according to the Raunkiær system.

Distribution: Native from East Central and Southeast Europe to Ukraine according to the distribution information provided by The Euro+Med PlantBase (source: Greuter, 2006+) and the Plants of the World Online portal (Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew).

Habitat: Subalpine pastures at c. 1900 m altitude and above. Recorded in the region of Carev vrv peak.

Flowering period: Summer: JUL.

Locality: Carev vrv peak. Date: 15.07.2023.

*Jacobaea abrotanifolia* subsp. *carpathica* – habit. Osogovo – region of subalpine pastures near “Carev vrv” peak, 15.07.2023. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

References:

Chater, A. O. and Walters, S. M. 1976. Senecio L. In Tutin, T. G., Heywood, V. H., Burges, N. A., Moore, D. M., Valentine, D. H., Walters, S.M. & Webb, D.A. (eds.), Flora Europaea. Volume 4: Plantaginaceae to Compositae (and Rubiaceae). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 191–205.

Jacobaea abrotanifolia subsp. carpathica (Herbich) B.Nord. & Greuter. Plants of the World Online portal, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:77075560-1 [Accessed 18.07.2023].

Jacobaea abrotanifolia subsp. carpathica. Source: Greuter, W. (2006+): Compositae (pro parte majore). – In: Greuter, W. & Raab-Straube, E. von (ed.): Compositae. Euro+Med Plantbase – the information resource for Euro-Mediterranean plant diversity. . Published on the Internet https://europlusmed.org/cdm_dataportal/taxon/8add6f81-d3e2-43f7-8d9c-7aad85d51b8b [Accessed 18.07.2023].

Avenella flexuosa (L.) Drejer (syn. Deschampsia flexuosa (L.) Trin.)

Taxonomy: Fam. Poaceae// Genus: Avenella// Species: Avenella flexuosa (L.) Drejer.

Determined according to the botanical keys provided by Clarke in Tutin et al. (1980) and Cincović and Kojić in Josifović (1976) as Deschampsia flexuosa (L.) Trin., Bull. Sci. Acad. Imp. Sci. Pétersb. 1: 66. (1836). The accepted name in The Euro+Med Plantbase (source: Valdés & Scholz; with contributions from Raab-Straube & Parolly, 2009+) is Avenella flexuosa (L.) Drejer, Fl. Excurs. Hafn.: 32. 1838.

Lifeform: Perennial; hemicryptophyte according to the Raunkiær system.

Distribution: Native from Europe to Iran and Siberia; West Himalaya; Japan to Russian Far East; Malesia; Macaronesia; Northwest and Tropical Montane Africa; Greenland to Central and East U.S.A.; South South America to Falkland Islands according to the distribution information provided by the Plants of the World Online portal (Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew).

Habitat: Clearings of forests on rocky/ stony ground, grasslands/pastures from c. 600 m altitude up to the subalpine belt.

Flowering period: Summer: JUN, JUL.

*Avenella flexuosa* – habit. Osogovo – Ponikva, 08.07.2023. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Avenella flexuosa* – panicles. Osogovo – Ponikva, 08.07.2023. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Avenella flexuosa* – panicle. Osogovo – Ponikva, 08.07.2023. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Avenella flexuosa* – spikelets. Osogovo – Ponikva, 08.07.2023. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Avenella flexuosa* – spikelets, ovary and apex of lemma under magnification. Osogovo – Ponikva, 08.07.2023. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Avenella flexuosa* – panicle branches. Osogovo – Ponikva, 08.07.2023. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Avenella flexuosa* – stems with leaves. Osogovo – Ponikva, 08.07.2023. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Avenella flexuosa* – stem and cauline leaf with ligule. Osogovo – Ponikva, 08.07.2023. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Avenella flexuosa* – stem node. Osogovo – Ponikva, 08.07.2023. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Avenella flexuosa* – lower part of stems and vegetative shoots. Osogovo – Ponikva, 08.07.2023. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Avenella flexuosa* – basal leaves. Osogovo – Ponikva, 08.07.2023. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Avenella flexuosa* – base of shoots. Osogovo – Ponikva, 08.07.2023. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Avenella flexuosa* – habit. Scale in cm/ mm. Specimen from Osogovo – Ponikva, 08.07.2023. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Avenella flexuosa* – panicle. Scale in cm/ mm. Specimen from Osogovo – Ponikva, 08.07.2023. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Avenella flexuosa* – spikelets. Scale in mm. Specimen from Osogovo – Ponikva, 08.07.2023. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Avenella flexuosa* – structure of spikelet. Scale in mm. Specimen from Osogovo – Ponikva, 08.07.2023. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Avenella flexuosa* – stem and cauline leaf. Scale in cm/ mm. Specimen from Osogovo – Ponikva, 08.07.2023. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Avenella flexuosa* – width of stem and cauline leaf. Scale in cm/ mm. Specimen from Osogovo – Ponikva, 08.07.2023. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Avenella flexuosa* – basal leaves. Scale in cm/ mm. Specimen from Osogovo – Ponikva, 08.07.2023. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Avenella flexuosa* – habit. Osogovo, hilly terrain between the village of Rajchani and the Svilanovo region, 11.06.2023. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Avenella flexuosa* – panicles. Osogovo, hilly terrain between the village of Rajchani and the Svilanovo region, 11.06.2023. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Avenella flexuosa* – panicle. Osogovo, hilly terrain between the village of Rajchani and the Svilanovo region, 11.06.2023. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Avenella flexuosa* – spikelets. Osogovo, hilly terrain between the village of Rajchani and the Svilanovo region, 11.06.2023. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Avenella flexuosa* – spikelets, ovary and apex of lemma. Osogovo, hilly terrain between the village of Rajchani and the Svilanovo region, 11.06.2023. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Avenella flexuosa* – panicle axis and branches. Osogovo, hilly terrain between the village of Rajchani and the Svilanovo region, 11.06.2023. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Avenella flexuosa* – stem with cauline leaves. Osogovo, hilly terrain between the village of Rajchani and the Svilanovo region, 11.06.2023. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Avenella flexuosa* – stem and leaf with ligule. Osogovo, hilly terrain between the village of Rajchani and the Svilanovo region, 11.06.2023. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Avenella flexuosa* – cauline leaf and stem node. Osogovo, hilly terrain between the village of Rajchani and the Svilanovo region, 11.06.2023. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Avenella flexuosa* – lower part of stems and vegetative shoots. Osogovo, hilly terrain between the village of Rajchani and the Svilanovo region, 11.06.2023. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Avenella flexuosa* – vegetative shoots. Osogovo, hilly terrain between the village of Rajchani and the Svilanovo region, 11.06.2023. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Avenella flexuosa* – basal leaves. Osogovo, hilly terrain between the village of Rajchani and the Svilanovo region, 11.06.2023. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Avenella flexuosa* – base of shoots. Osogovo, hilly terrain between the village of Rajchani and the Svilanovo region, 11.06.2023. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Avenella flexuosa* – habit. Scale in cm/ mm. Specimen from Osogovo, hilly terrain between the village of Rajchani and the Svilanovo region, 11.06.2023. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Avenella flexuosa* – spikelet. Scale in cm/ mm. Specimen from Osogovo, hilly terrain between the village of Rajchani and the Svilanovo region, 11.06.2023. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

References:

Avenella flexuosa (L.) Drejer. Plants of the World Online portal, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:391947-1 [Accessed 14.07.2023].

Avenella flexuosa. Source: Valdés, B. & Scholz, H.; with contributions from Raab-Straube, E. von & Parolly, G. (2009+): Poaceae (pro parte majore). Euro+Med Plantbase – the information resource for Euro-Mediterranean plant diversity. Published on the Internet https://europlusmed.org/cdm_dataportal/taxon/b95bb2a7-365a-4e08-9f4c-cb0383c3d987 [Accessed 14.07.2023].

Rod Deschampsia P. B. Cincović, T. and Kojić, M. in Josifović, M. (1976). Flora SR Srbije VIII. Srpska Akademija Nauka i Umetnosti, Beograd, pp. 345 – 347.

Deschampsia Beauv. Clarke. G.C.S. in Tutin, T.G., Heywood, V.H., Burges, N.A., Moore, D.M., Valentine, D.H., Walters, S.M. & Webb, D.A. (1980). Flora Europaea. Volume 5: Alismataceae to Orchidaceae (Monocotyledones). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 225 – 227.

Clinopodium vulgare subsp. orientale Bothmer

Taxonomy: Fam. Lamiaceae// Genus: Clinopodium// Species: Clinopodium vulgare L.// Subspecies: Clinopodium vulgare subsp. orientale Bothmer.

Determined according to the botanical keys provided by Matevski in Matevski (2021).

Species variability: Two subspecies of Clinopodium vulgare L. occur in the Osogovo region – Clinopodium vulgare L. subsp. vulgare and Clinopodium vulgare subsp. orientale Bothmer. Distinction between subspecies:

– Clinopodium vulgare L. subsp. vulgare: calyx up to 9,5 mm long with both glandular and eglandular hairs. Lower calyx teeth up to 4 mm, upper teeth up to 2,5 mm long.

– Clinopodium vulgare subsp. orientale Bothmer: calyx larger – 9,5 to 12 mm long only with eglandular hairs. Lower calyx teeth 4 to 5,5 mm long, upper teeth 2,5 to 4 mm long.

Lifeform: Perennial, hemicryptophyte according to the Raunkiaer system.

Distribution: Native from South France to West Asia according to the distribution information provided by the Plants of the World Online portal (Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew).

Habitat: Open habitats – grasslands/ pastures, disturbed ground – roadsides, near cultivated land and other ruderal areas.

Flowering period: Summer: JUN, JUL, AUG.

*Clinopodium vulgare* subsp. *orientale* – habit. Osogovo, hilly region between the village of Rajchani and the Svilanovo locality, 02.07.2023. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Clinopodium vulgare* subsp. *orientale* – flowering stems. Osogovo, hilly region between the village of Rajchani and the Svilanovo locality, 02.07.2023. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Clinopodium vulgare* subsp. *orientale* – verticillasters. Osogovo, hilly region between the village of Rajchani and the Svilanovo locality, 02.07.2023. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Clinopodium vulgare* subsp. *orientale* – verticillaster with flowers. Osogovo, hilly region between the village of Rajchani and the Svilanovo locality, 02.07.2023. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Clinopodium vulgare* subsp. *orientale* – verticillaster with flowers; Indumentum of calyx with eglandular hairs under magnification. Osogovo, hilly region between the village of Rajchani and the Svilanovo locality, 02.07.2023. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Clinopodium vulgare* subsp. *orientale* – upper cauline leaf. Osogovo, hilly region between the village of Rajchani and the Svilanovo locality, 02.07.2023. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Clinopodium vulgare* subsp. *orientale* – upper cauline leaves. Osogovo, hilly region between the village of Rajchani and the Svilanovo locality, 02.07.2023. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Clinopodium vulgare* subsp. *orientale* – abaxial side of upper cauline leaf. Osogovo, hilly region between the village of Rajchani and the Svilanovo locality, 02.07.2023. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Clinopodium vulgare* subsp. *orientale* – stems with leaves. Osogovo, hilly region between the village of Rajchani and the Svilanovo locality, 02.07.2023. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Clinopodium vulgare* subsp. *orientale* – stem with leaves. Osogovo, hilly region between the village of Rajchani and the Svilanovo locality, 02.07.2023. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Clinopodium vulgare* subsp. *orientale* – leaves. Osogovo, hilly region between the village of Rajchani and the Svilanovo locality, 02.07.2023. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Clinopodium vulgare* subsp. *orientale* – adaxial side of leaf. Osogovo, hilly region between the village of Rajchani and the Svilanovo locality, 02.07.2023. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Clinopodium vulgare* subsp. *orientale* – abaxial side of leaf. Osogovo, hilly region between the village of Rajchani and the Svilanovo locality, 02.07.2023. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Clinopodium vulgare* subsp. *orientale* – stem. Osogovo, hilly region between the village of Rajchani and the Svilanovo locality, 02.07.2023. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Clinopodium vulgare* subsp. *orientale* – flower size. Scale in mm. Specimen from Osogovo, hilly region between the village of Rajchani and the Svilanovo locality, 02.07.2023. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

References:

Clinopodium vulgare subsp. orientale Bothmer. Plants of the World Online, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:50923562-1 [Accessed 12.07.2023].

Rod Clinopodium L. Matevski, V. in Matevski, V. The Flora of the RN Macedonia. Vol II, Book 2. Macedonian Academy of Sciences and Arts, Skopje 324 – 344.