Thesium divaricatum Mert. & W. D. J. Koch

Taxonomy: Family: Santalaceae// Genus: Thesium// Species: Thesium divaricatum Mert. & W. D. J. Koch.

Determined according to the botanical key provided by Micevski and Matevski (2005).

Lifeform: Perrenial; hemicryptophyte according to the Raunkiær system.

Distribution: Native to the Mediterranean region according to the Plants of the World Online portal (Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew). Also native to Austria according to The Euro+Med Plantbase (source: Uotila, 2011+).

Habitat: Open habitats- grasslands, clearings and edges of forests.

Flowering period: Late spring – summer: MAY, JUN,JUL, AUG.

Thesium divaricatum – habit. Osogovo, mountain ridge between lake “Gradche” and the gorge of “Orizarska” River, 08.08.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.
Thesium divaricatum – habit. Osogovo, mountain ridge between lake “Gradche” and the gorge of “Orizarska” River, 08.08.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.
Thesium divaricatum – habit. Osogovo, mountain ridge between lake “Gradche” and the gorge of “Orizarska” River, 08.08.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.
Thesium divaricatum – inflorescence. Osogovo, mountain ridge between lake “Gradche” and the gorge of “Orizarska” River, 08.08.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.
Thesium divaricatum – inflorescence. Osogovo, mountain ridge between lake “Gradche” and the gorge of “Orizarska” River, 08.08.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.
Thesium divaricatum – branch of inflorescence. Osogovo, mountain ridge between lake “Gradche” and the gorge of “Orizarska” River, 08.08.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.
Thesium divaricatum – branch of inflorescence. Osogovo, mountain ridge between lake “Gradche” and the gorge of “Orizarska” River, 08.08.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.
Thesium divaricatum – flowers. Osogovo, mountain ridge between lake “Gradche” and the gorge of “Orizarska” River, 08.08.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.
Thesium divaricatum – fruit. Osogovo, mountain ridge between lake “Gradche” and the gorge of “Orizarska” River, 08.08.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.
Thesium divaricatum – fruit. Osogovo, mountain ridge between lake “Gradche” and the gorge of “Orizarska” River, 08.08.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.
Thesium divaricatum – lower part of plant. Osogovo, mountain ridge between lake “Gradche” and the gorge of “Orizarska” River, 08.08.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.
Thesium divaricatum – lower part of plant. Osogovo, mountain ridge between lake “Gradche” and the gorge of “Orizarska” River, 08.08.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

References:

Micevski, K and Matevski, V. (2005). The Flora of the Republic of Macedonia Vol. I, Book 6. Macedonian Academy of Sciences and Arts.

Thesium divaricatum Jan ex Mert. & W.D.J.Koch. Plants of the World Online, Royal Botanic Gardens Kew. https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:780806-1 [Accessed 10.12.2022].

Thesium divaricatum. Uotila, P. (2011+): Santalaceae. – In: Euro+Med Plantbase – the information resource for Euro-Mediterranean plant diversity. Published on the Internet https://europlusmed.org/cdm_dataportal/taxon/c23c015a-902b-413d-913c-2c6cf850978d [Accessed 10.12.2022].

Viola gracilis Sm.

Taxonomy: Fam. Violaceae// Genus: Viola// Species: Viola gracilis Sm.

Determined according to the botanical keys provided by Valentine, Merxmüller and Schmidt in Tutin et al. (1968) and (Micevski, 1995).

Lifeform: Perennial; chemicryptophyte according to the Raunkiær system.

Distribution: Native to the Balkan Peninsula and Turkey according to the distribution information provided by the Plants of the World Online portal (Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew); Albania and Turkey according to The Euro+Med PlantBase (Raab-Straube & Henning, 2018+). In North Macedonia it is mainly found in the east mountain region (Micevski, 1995).

Habitat:  Subalpine pastures, grasslands, rocky terrains and clearings of European beech forests from c. 1350 m altitude up to the highest peaks. Frequent species in the subalpine belt.

Flowering period: Spring to fall: MAR, APR, MAY, JUN, JUL, AUG, SEP, OCT.

Viola gracilis– habit. Osogovo, Ponikva, 08.05.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.
Viola gracilis– habit. Osogovo, Ponikva, 08.05.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.
Viola gracilis– habit. Osogovo, Ponikva, 08.05.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.
Viola gracilis– habit. Osogovo, Ponikva, 08.05.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.
Viola gracilis– habit. Osogovo, Ponikva, 08.05.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.
Viola gracilis– habit. Osogovo, Ponikva, 08.05.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.
Viola gracilis– habit. Osogovo, Ponikva, 08.05.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.
Viola gracilis– flowers. Osogovo, Ponikva, 08.05.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.
Viola gracilis– flowers. Osogovo, Ponikva, 08.05.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.
Viola gracilis– flower. Osogovo, Ponikva, 08.05.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.
Viola gracilis– flower. Osogovo, Ponikva, 08.05.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.
Viola gracilis– flower. Osogovo, Ponikva, 08.05.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.
Viola gracilis– flower. Osogovo, Ponikva, 08.05.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.
Viola gracilis– flower. Osogovo, Ponikva, 08.05.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.
Viola gracilis– flower with spur and calyx; peduncle with bracts. Osogovo, Ponikva, 08.05.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.
Viola gracilis– flower with spur and calyx; peduncle with bracts. Osogovo, Ponikva, 08.05.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.
Viola gracilis– flower with spur and calyx; peduncle with bracts. Osogovo, Ponikva, 08.05.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.
Viola gracilis– flower with spur and calyx; peduncle with bracts. Osogovo, Ponikva, 08.05.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.
Viola gracilis– flowering stems – stems are decumbent (lay on the ground at first and than curve upwards). Osogovo, Ponikva, 08.05.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.
Viola gracilis– stems with leaves and stipules. Osogovo, Ponikva, 08.05.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.
Viola gracilis– stems with leaves and stipules. Osogovo, Ponikva, 08.05.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.
Viola gracilis– stem with leaves and stipules. Osogovo, Ponikva, 08.05.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.
Viola gracilis– stem with leaves and stipules. Osogovo, Ponikva, 08.05.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.
Viola gracilis– leaves and stipules. Osogovo, Ponikva, 08.05.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.
Viola gracilis– leaves and stipules. Osogovo, Ponikva, 08.05.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.
Viola gracilis– leaves and stipules. Osogovo, Ponikva, 08.05.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.
Viola gracilis– upper leaves and stipules. Osogovo, Ponikva, 08.05.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.
Viola gracilis– middle leaf and stipules. Osogovo, Ponikva, 08.05.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.
Viola gracilis– lower leaf and stipules. Osogovo, Ponikva, 08.05.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.
Viola gracilis– lower part of stem with leaves and stipules. Osogovo, Ponikva, 08.05.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.
Viola gracilis– plant base with basal leaves. Osogovo, Ponikva, 08.05.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.
Viola gracilis – habit. Osogovo – Ponikva, 01.04.2023. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.
Viola gracilis – habit. Osogovo – Ponikva, 01.04.2023. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.
Viola gracilis – habit. Osogovo – Ponikva, 01.04.2023. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.
Viola gracilis – habit. Osogovo – Ponikva, 01.04.2023. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.
Viola gracilis – habit. Osogovo – Ponikva, 01.04.2023. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.
Viola gracilis – habit. Osogovo – Ponikva, 01.04.2023. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.
Viola gracilis – habit. Osogovo – Ponikva, 01.04.2023. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.
Viola gracilis – habit. Osogovo – Ponikva, 11.03.2023. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.
Viola gracilis – habit in habitat. Osogovo – region between Visoka chuka (Ponikva) and Ratkova Skala, 15.04.2023. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.
Viola gracilis – habit. Osogovo – region between Visoka chuka (Ponikva) and Ratkova Skala, 15.04.2023. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.
Viola gracilis – habit. Osogovo – region between Visoka chuka (Ponikva) and Ratkova Skala, 15.04.2023. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.
Viola gracilis – habit. Osogovo – region between Visoka chuka (Ponikva) and Ratkova Skala, 15.04.2023. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.
Viola gracilis – habit. Osogovo – region between Visoka chuka (Ponikva) and Ratkova Skala, 15.04.2023. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.
Viola gracilis – habit. Osogovo – region between Visoka chuka (Ponikva) and Ratkova Skala, 15.04.2023. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.
Viola gracilis – habit. Osogovo – region between Visoka chuka (Ponikva) and Ratkova Skala, 15.04.2023. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.
Viola gracilis – flowers. Osogovo – region between Visoka chuka (Ponikva) and Ratkova Skala, 15.04.2023. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.
Viola gracilis – flowers. Osogovo – region between Visoka chuka (Ponikva) and Ratkova Skala, 15.04.2023. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.
Viola gracilis – flower. Osogovo – region between Visoka chuka (Ponikva) and Ratkova Skala, 15.04.2023. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.
Viola gracilis – flowers. Osogovo – region between Visoka chuka (Ponikva) and Ratkova Skala, 15.04.2023. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.
Viola gracilis – flowers. Osogovo – region between Visoka chuka (Ponikva) and Ratkova Skala, 15.04.2023. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.
Viola gracilis – flower. Osogovo – region between Visoka chuka (Ponikva) and Ratkova Skala, 15.04.2023. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.
Viola gracilis – side view of flower – calyx and spur. Osogovo – region between Visoka chuka (Ponikva) and Ratkova Skala, 15.04.2023. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.
Viola gracilis – side view of flower – calyx and spur. Osogovo – region between Visoka chuka (Ponikva) and Ratkova Skala, 15.04.2023. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.
Viola gracilis – side view of flower – calyx and spur. Osogovo – region between Visoka chuka (Ponikva) and Ratkova Skala, 15.04.2023. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.
Viola gracilis – side view of flower – calyx and spur. Osogovo – region between Visoka chuka (Ponikva) and Ratkova Skala, 15.04.2023. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.
Viola gracilis – pedicel. Osogovo – region between Visoka chuka (Ponikva) and Ratkova Skala, 15.04.2023. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.
Viola gracilis – upper leaves and stipules. Osogovo – region between Visoka chuka (Ponikva) and Ratkova Skala, 15.04.2023. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.
Viola gracilis – stem with leaves and stipules. Osogovo – region between Visoka chuka (Ponikva) and Ratkova Skala, 15.04.2023. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.
Viola gracilis – pedicels, stem with leaves and stipules. Osogovo – region between Visoka chuka (Ponikva) and Ratkova Skala, 15.04.2023. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.
Viola gracilis – stem with leaves and stipules. Osogovo – region between Visoka chuka (Ponikva) and Ratkova Skala, 15.04.2023. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.
Viola gracilis – stem with leaves and stipules. Osogovo – region between Visoka chuka (Ponikva) and Ratkova Skala, 15.04.2023. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.
Viola gracilis – leaves and stipules. Osogovo – region between Visoka chuka (Ponikva) and Ratkova Skala, 15.04.2023. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.
Viola gracilis – stem with leaves and stipules. Osogovo – region between Visoka chuka (Ponikva) and Ratkova Skala, 15.04.2023. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.
Viola gracilis – stem with leaves and stipules. Osogovo – region between Visoka chuka (Ponikva) and Ratkova Skala, 15.04.2023. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.
Viola gracilis – leaves. Osogovo – region between Visoka chuka (Ponikva) and Ratkova Skala, 15.04.2023. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.
Viola gracilis – leaves and stipules. Osogovo – region between Visoka chuka (Ponikva) and Ratkova Skala, 15.04.2023. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.
Viola gracilis – lower leaves and stipules. Osogovo – region between Visoka chuka (Ponikva) and Ratkova Skala, 15.04.2023. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.
Viola gracilis – lower leaves and stipules. Osogovo – region between Visoka chuka (Ponikva) and Ratkova Skala, 15.04.2023. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.
Viola gracilis – abaxial side of leaves and stipules. Osogovo – region between Visoka chuka (Ponikva) and Ratkova Skala, 15.04.2023. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.
Viola gracilis – abaxial side of leaves and stipules. Osogovo – region between Visoka chuka (Ponikva) and Ratkova Skala, 15.04.2023. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.
Viola gracilis – abaxial side of leaves and stipules. Osogovo – region between Visoka chuka (Ponikva) and Ratkova Skala, 15.04.2023. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.
Viola gracilis – from left to right: lower, middle and upper stipules . Specimen from Osogovo – region between Visoka chuka (Ponikva) and Ratkova Skala, 15.04.2023. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.
Viola gracilis colonising disturbed ground – margins of earth road. Osogovo – Ponikva, 21.06.2015. Photo taken by Trajche Dimitrovski.
Viola gracilis – habit. Osogovo – Ponikva, 21.06.2015. Photo taken by Trajche Dimitrovski.
Viola gracilis – habit. Osogovo, Ponikva, 21.06.2015. Photo taken by Trajche Dimitrovski.
Viola gracilis – habit. Osogovo – Ponikva, 21.06.2015. Photo taken by Trajche Dimitrovski.

References:

Micevski, K. (1995). The Flora of the Republic of Macedonia Vol. I, Book 3. Macedonian Academy of Sciences and Arts.

Viola gracilis Sm. Plants of the World Online portal, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:868245-1 [Accessed 10.12.2022].

Viola gracilis. Raab-Straube, E. von & Henning, T. (2018+): Violaceae. – In: Euro+Med Plantbase – the information resource for Euro-Mediterranean plant diversity. Published on the Internet https://europlusmed.org/cdm_dataportal/taxon/abb93e31-9cb9-4464-874b-42bb677a7225 [Accessed 10.12.2022].

Viola L. Valentine, D. H., Merxmüller, H. and Schmidt, A. Tutin, T.G., Heywood, V.H., Burges, N.A., Moore, D.M., Valentine, D.H., Walters, S.M., & Webb, D.A. (1968). Flora Europaea. Volume 2. Rosaceae to Umbelliferae. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 270 – 282.

Last update: 16.02.2024.

Viola tricolor L. subsp. tricolor

Taxonomy: Fam. Violaceae// Genus: Viola// Species: Viola tricolor L.// Subspecies: Viola tricolor L. subsp. tricolor.

Determined according to the botanical keys provided by Valentine, Merxmüller and Schmidt in Tutin et al. (1968) and Diklić in Josifović (1972).

Species variability: Two subspecies of Viola tricolor L. occur in the Osogovo region: Viola tricolor L. subsp. tricolor and Viola tricolor subsp. macedonica (Boiss. & Heldr.) A. F. W. Schmidt.

Distinction between subspecies:

– subsp. tricolor: Annual with several stems. Flowers variously colored violet-blue or blue-cream with yellow spot/ yellow lower petal, cream-yellow or entirely yellow. Grasslands, rocky terrains and gravel.

– subsp. macedonica: Perennial with well developed rhizome and numerous stems, with larger habit and longer stems than in subsp. tricolor. Flowers violet -cream, blue-cream or white at opening and later becoming blue/ violet, the lower with a yellow spot at base. Grasslands, clearings and edges of woods and forests.

Lifeform: Annual; Therophyte according to the Raunkiær system.

Distribution: Europe to West Siberia and Iran, Iceland according to distribution information provided by the Plants of the World Online portal (Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew). 

Habitat: Grasslands and disturbed ground – gravel.

Flowering period: Spring to early summer: APR, MAY, JUN.

Viola tricolor subsp. tricolor – habit in habitat. Region of “Shtalkovichka” River between the villages of “Shtalkovica” and “Ratkovica”, 25.04.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.
Viola tricolor subsp. tricolor – habit in habitat. Region of “Shtalkovichka” River between the villages of “Shtalkovica” and “Ratkovica”, 25.04.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.
Viola tricolor subsp. tricolor – habit in habitat. Region of “Shtalkovichka” River between the villages of “Shtalkovica” and “Ratkovica”, 25.04.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.
Viola tricolor subsp. tricolor – habit. Region of “Shtalkovichka” River between the villages of “Shtalkovica” and “Ratkovica”, 25.04.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.
Viola tricolor subsp. tricolor – habit. Region of “Shtalkovichka” River between the villages of “Shtalkovica” and “Ratkovica”, 25.04.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.
Viola tricolor subsp. tricolor – habit. Region of “Shtalkovichka” River between the villages of “Shtalkovica” and “Ratkovica”, 25.04.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.
Viola tricolor subsp. tricolor – habit. Region of “Shtalkovichka” River between the villages of “Shtalkovica” and “Ratkovica”, 25.04.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.
Viola tricolor subsp. tricolor – flower. Region of “Shtalkovichka” River between the villages of “Shtalkovica” and “Ratkovica”, 25.04.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.
Viola tricolor subsp. tricolor – flower. Region of “Shtalkovichka” River between the villages of “Shtalkovica” and “Ratkovica”, 25.04.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.
Viola tricolor subsp. tricolor – flower. Region of “Shtalkovichka” River between the villages of “Shtalkovica” and “Ratkovica”, 25.04.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.
Viola tricolor subsp. tricolor – flower. Region of “Shtalkovichka” River between the villages of “Shtalkovica” and “Ratkovica”, 25.04.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.
Viola tricolor subsp. tricolor – flower. Region of “Shtalkovichka” River between the villages of “Shtalkovica” and “Ratkovica”, 25.04.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.
Viola tricolor subsp. tricolor – flower. Region of “Shtalkovichka” River between the villages of “Shtalkovica” and “Ratkovica”, 25.04.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.
Viola tricolor subsp. tricolor – flower with spur and calyx. Region of “Shtalkovichka” River between the villages of “Shtalkovica” and “Ratkovica”, 25.04.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.
Viola tricolor subsp. tricolor – flower with spur and calyx, peduncle with bracts. Region of “Shtalkovichka” River between the villages of “Shtalkovica” and “Ratkovica”, 25.04.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.
Viola tricolor subsp. tricolor – flower with spur and calyx, peduncle with bracts. Region of “Shtalkovichka” River between the villages of “Shtalkovica” and “Ratkovica”, 25.04.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.
Viola tricolor subsp. tricolor – flower with spur and calyx, peduncle with bracts. Region of “Shtalkovichka” River between the villages of “Shtalkovica” and “Ratkovica”, 25.04.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.
Viola tricolor subsp. tricolor – capsule. Region of “Shtalkovichka” River between the villages of “Shtalkovica” and “Ratkovica”, 25.04.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.
Viola tricolor subsp. tricolor – upper cauline leaves and stipules. Region of “Shtalkovichka” River between the villages of “Shtalkovica” and “Ratkovica”, 25.04.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.
Viola tricolor subsp. tricolor – upper cauline leaves and stipules. Region of “Shtalkovichka” River between the villages of “Shtalkovica” and “Ratkovica”, 25.04.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.
Viola tricolor subsp. tricolor – middle cauline leaves and stipules. Region of “Shtalkovichka” River between the villages of “Shtalkovica” and “Ratkovica”, 25.04.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.
Viola tricolor subsp. tricolor – middle cauline leaves and stipules. Region of “Shtalkovichka” River between the villages of “Shtalkovica” and “Ratkovica”, 25.04.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.
Viola tricolor subsp. tricolor – middle cauline leaves and stipules. Region of “Shtalkovichka” River between the villages of “Shtalkovica” and “Ratkovica”, 25.04.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.
Viola tricolor subsp. tricolor – lower cauline leaves and stipules. Region of “Shtalkovichka” River between the villages of “Shtalkovica” and “Ratkovica”, 25.04.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.
Viola tricolor subsp. tricolor – basal leaves. Region of “Shtalkovichka” River between the villages of “Shtalkovica” and “Ratkovica”, 25.04.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.
Viola tricolor subsp. tricolor – basal leaves. Region of “Shtalkovichka” River between the villages of “Shtalkovica” and “Ratkovica”, 25.04.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.
Viola tricolor subsp. tricolor – stem. Region of “Shtalkovichka” River between the villages of “Shtalkovica” and “Ratkovica”, 25.04.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.
Viola tricolor subsp. tricolor – habit. Osogovo, hilly region between the villages of “Pantelej” and “Rajchani”, 19.03.2023. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.
Viola tricolor subsp. tricolor – habit. Osogovo, hilly region between the villages of “Pantelej” and “Rajchani”, 19.03.2023. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.
Viola tricolor subsp. tricolor – habit. Osogovo, hilly region between the villages of “Pantelej” and “Rajchani”, 19.03.2023. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.
Viola tricolor subsp. tricolor – habit. Osogovo, hilly region between the villages of “Pantelej” and “Rajchani”, 19.03.2023. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.
Viola tricolor subsp. tricolor – habit. Osogovo, hilly region between the villages of “Pantelej” and “Rajchani”, 19.03.2023. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.
Viola tricolor subsp. tricolor – habit. Osogovo, hilly region between the villages of “Pantelej” and “Rajchani”, 19.03.2023. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.
Viola tricolor subsp. tricolor – habit. Osogovo, hilly region between the villages of “Pantelej” and “Rajchani”, 19.03.2023. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.
Viola tricolor subsp. tricolor – habit. Osogovo, hilly region between the villages of “Pantelej” and “Rajchani”, 19.03.2023. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.
Viola tricolor subsp. tricolor – habit. Osogovo, hilly region between the villages of “Pantelej” and “Rajchani”, 19.03.2023. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.
Viola tricolor subsp. tricolor – habit. Osogovo, hilly region between the villages of “Pantelej” and “Rajchani”, 19.03.2023. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.
Viola tricolor subsp. tricolor – habit. Osogovo, hilly region between the villages of “Pantelej” and “Rajchani”, 19.03.2023. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.
Viola tricolor subsp. tricolor – habit. Osogovo, hilly region between the villages of “Pantelej” and “Rajchani”, 19.03.2023. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.
Viola tricolor subsp. tricolor – habit. Osogovo, hilly region between the villages of “Pantelej” and “Rajchani”, 19.03.2023. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.
Viola tricolor subsp. tricolor – flower. Osogovo, hilly region between the villages of “Pantelej” and “Rajchani”, 19.03.2023. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.
Viola tricolor subsp. tricolor – flower. Osogovo, hilly region between the villages of “Pantelej” and “Rajchani”, 19.03.2023. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.
Viola tricolor subsp. tricolor – flower. Osogovo, hilly region between the villages of “Pantelej” and “Rajchani”, 19.03.2023. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.
Viola tricolor subsp. tricolor – flower. Osogovo, hilly region between the villages of “Pantelej” and “Rajchani”, 19.03.2023. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.
Viola tricolor subsp. tricolor – flower. Osogovo, hilly region between the villages of “Pantelej” and “Rajchani”, 19.03.2023. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.
Viola tricolor subsp. tricolor – flower. Osogovo, hilly region between the villages of “Pantelej” and “Rajchani”, 19.03.2023. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.
Viola tricolor subsp. tricolor – flower. Osogovo, hilly region between the villages of “Pantelej” and “Rajchani”, 19.03.2023. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.
Viola tricolor subsp. tricolor – flower. Osogovo, hilly region between the villages of “Pantelej” and “Rajchani”, 19.03.2023. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.
Viola tricolor subsp. tricolor – flower. Osogovo, hilly region between the villages of “Pantelej” and “Rajchani”, 19.03.2023. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.
Viola tricolor subsp. tricolor – flower. Osogovo, hilly region between the villages of “Pantelej” and “Rajchani”, 19.03.2023. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.
Viola tricolor subsp. tricolor – flower. Osogovo, hilly region between the villages of “Pantelej” and “Rajchani”, 19.03.2023. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.
Viola tricolor subsp. tricolor – flower. Osogovo, hilly region between the villages of “Pantelej” and “Rajchani”, 19.03.2023. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.
Viola tricolor subsp. tricolor – flower. Osogovo, hilly region between the villages of “Pantelej” and “Rajchani”, 19.03.2023. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.
Viola tricolor subsp. tricolor – flower. Osogovo, hilly region between the villages of “Pantelej” and “Rajchani”, 19.03.2023. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.
Viola tricolor subsp. tricolor – flower. Osogovo, hilly region between the villages of “Pantelej” and “Rajchani”, 19.03.2023. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.
Viola tricolor subsp. tricolor – flower. Osogovo, hilly region between the villages of “Pantelej” and “Rajchani”, 19.03.2023. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.
Viola tricolor subsp. tricolor – flower. Osogovo, hilly region between the villages of “Pantelej” and “Rajchani”, 19.03.2023. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.
Viola tricolor subsp. tricolor – flower. Osogovo, hilly region between the villages of “Pantelej” and “Rajchani”, 19.03.2023. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.
Viola tricolor subsp. tricolor – flower. Osogovo, hilly region between the villages of “Pantelej” and “Rajchani”, 19.03.2023. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.
Viola tricolor subsp. tricolor – flower. Osogovo, hilly region between the villages of “Pantelej” and “Rajchani”, 19.03.2023. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.
Viola tricolor subsp. tricolor – flower. Osogovo, hilly region between the villages of “Pantelej” and “Rajchani”, 19.03.2023. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.
Viola tricolor subsp. tricolor – flower. Osogovo, hilly region between the villages of “Pantelej” and “Rajchani”, 19.03.2023. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.
Viola tricolor subsp. tricolor – stem with leaves and stipules. Osogovo, hilly region between the villages of “Pantelej” and “Rajchani”, 19.03.2023. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.
Viola tricolor subsp. tricolor – lower part of peduncle and stipule. Osogovo, hilly region between the villages of “Pantelej” and “Rajchani”, 19.03.2023. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.
Viola tricolor subsp. tricolor – stipules. Osogovo, hilly region between the villages of “Pantelej” and “Rajchani”, 19.03.2023. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.
Viola tricolor subsp. tricolor – stem with leaves and stipules. Osogovo, hilly region between the villages of “Pantelej” and “Rajchani”, 19.03.2023. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.
Viola tricolor subsp. tricolor – leaves and stipules. Osogovo, hilly region between the villages of “Pantelej” and “Rajchani”, 19.03.2023. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.
Viola tricolor subsp. tricolor – leaves and stipules. Osogovo, hilly region between the villages of “Pantelej” and “Rajchani”, 19.03.2023. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.
Viola tricolor subsp. tricolor – leaves and stipules. Osogovo, hilly region between the villages of “Pantelej” and “Rajchani”, 19.03.2023. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.
Viola tricolor subsp. tricolor – leaves and stipules. Osogovo, hilly region between the villages of “Pantelej” and “Rajchani”, 19.03.2023. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.
Viola tricolor subsp. tricolor – basal leaves. Osogovo, hilly region between the villages of “Pantelej” and “Rajchani”, 19.03.2023. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.
Viola tricolor subsp. tricolor – basal leaves. Osogovo, hilly region between the villages of “Pantelej” and “Rajchani”, 19.03.2023. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.
Viola tricolor subsp. tricolor – basal leaves leaves. Osogovo, hilly region between the villages of “Pantelej” and “Rajchani”, 19.03.2023. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.
Viola tricolor subsp. tricolor – basal leaves. Osogovo, hilly region between the villages of “Pantelej” and “Rajchani”, 19.03.2023. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

References:

Rod Viola L. Diklić, N. in Josifović, M. (1972). Flora SR Srbije III. Srpska Akademija Nauka i Umetnosti, Beograd, pp. 129-164.

Viola L. Valentine, D. H., Merxmüller, H. and Schmidt, A. Tutin, T.G., Heywood, V.H., Burges, N.A., Moore, D.M., Valentine, D.H., Walters, S.M., & Webb, D.A. (1968). Flora Europaea. Volume 2. Rosaceae to Umbelliferae. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 270 – 282.

Viola tricolor subsp. tricolor. Plants of the World Online portal, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:77225257-1 [Accessed 08.12.2022].

Ranunculus breyninus Crantz (syn. Ranunculus oreophilus Bieb.)

Taxonomy: Fam. Ranunculaceae// Genus: Ranunculus// Species: Ranunculus breyninus Crantz.

Determined according to the botanical key provided by Micevski (1985) as Ranunculus oreophilus Bieb. The accepted name in The Euro+Med PlantBase (source: Hörandl & Raab-Straube, 2015+) as Ranunculus breyninus Crantz, Stirp. Austr. Fasc. 2: 91. 1763.

Lifeform: Perrenial; hemicryptophyte according to the Raunkiær system.

Distribution: Native from Central Europe and South Europe to Ukraine and Iran according to the distribution information provided by the Plants of the World Online portal (Royal Botanic Gardens Kew).

Habitat:  Subalpine pastures.

Flowering period: Summer: JUN, JUL.

Ranunculus breyninus – habit. Osogovo, Ponikva, 19.06.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.
Ranunculus breyninus – habit. Osogovo, region north of Ponikva, 19.06.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.
Ranunculus breyninus – habit. Osogovo, Ponikva, 03.07.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.
Ranunculus breyninus – basal leaves. Osogovo, region north of Ponikva, 19.06.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.
Ranunculus breyninus – flowers. Osogovo, Ponikva, 03.07.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.
Ranunculus breyninus – flower. Osogovo, Ponikva, 03.07.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.
Ranunculus breyninus – flower. Osogovo, region north of Ponikva, 19.06.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.
Ranunculus breyninus – flower. Osogovo, region north of Ponikva, 19.06.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.
Ranunculus breyninus – pedicel and calyx of flower. Osogovo, Ponikva, 03.07.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.
Ranunculus breyninus – achenes. Osogovo, Ponikva, 03.07.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.
Ranunculus breyninus – achenes. Osogovo, Ponikva, 03.07.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.
Ranunculus breyninus – achenes. Osogovo, Ponikva, 03.07.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.
Ranunculus breyninus – achenes. Osogovo, Ponikva, 03.07.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.
Ranunculus breyninus – achenes. Osogovo, region north of Ponikva, 19.06.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.
Ranunculus breyninus – stems with cauline leaves. Osogovo, Ponikva, 03.07.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.
Ranunculus breyninus – stem with cauline leaves. Osogovo, region north of Ponikva, 19.06.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.
Ranunculus breyninus – stem with cauline leves. Osogovo, region north of Ponikva, 19.06.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.
Ranunculus breyninus – stems with cauline leaves and basal leaves. Osogovo, region north of Ponikva, 19.06.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.
Ranunculus breyninus – basal leaves. Osogovo, Ponikva, 03.07.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.
Ranunculus breyninus – basal leaves. Osogovo, Ponikva, 03.07.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.
Ranunculus breyninus – basal leaf. Osogovo, Ponikva, 03.07.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.
Ranunculus breyninus – basal leaf. Osogovo, Ponikva, 03.07.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.
Ranunculus breyninus – basal leaves. Osogovo, Ponikva, 19.06.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.
Ranunculus breyninus – leaf. Osogovo, Ponikva, 19.06.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.
Ranunculus breyninus – rhizome and roots. Osogovo, Ponikva, 19.06.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.
Ranunculus breyninus – rhizome and roots. Osogovo, Ponikva, 19.06.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

References:

Micevski, K. (1985). The Flora of SR Macedonia Vol. 1, Book 1. Macedonian Academy of Sciences and Arts.

Ranunculus breyninus Crantz. Plants of the World Online portal, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:712349-1 [Accessed 05.12.2022].

Ranunculus breyninus. Hörandl, E. & Raab-Straube, E. von (2015+): Ranunculeae. – In: Euro+Med Plantbase – the information resource for Euro-Mediterranean plant diversity. Published on the Internet https://europlusmed.org/cdm_dataportal/taxon/06e7073e-9926-4acc-ace0-b5e0ee53f3f8 [Accessed 05.12.2022].

Clematis vitalba L.

Taxonomy: Fam. Ranunculaceae// Genus: Clematis// Species: Clematis vitalba L.

Determined according to the botanical key provided by Micevski (1985).

Lifeform: Climbing woody perrenial; microphanerophyte according to the Raunkiær system.

Distribution: Native from Europe to Afghanistan; Laos; Northwest Africa according to the distribution information provided by the Plants of the World Online portal (Royal Botanic Gardens Kew).

Habitat: Woods, shrublands, roadsides, orchards and other ruderal areas.

Flowering period: Summer: JUN, JUL.

Clematis vitalba – habit. Hilly region near village of Beli, 18.06.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.
Clematis vitalba – habit. Hilly region near village of Beli, 18.06.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.
Clematis vitalba – habit. Hilly region near village of Beli, 18.06.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.
Clematis vitalba – habit. Hilly region near village of Beli, 18.06.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.
Clematis vitalba – flowering stem. Hilly region near village of Beli, 18.06.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.
Clematis vitalba – flowering stem. Hilly region near village of Beli, 18.06.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.
Clematis vitalba – inflorescence. Hilly region near village of Beli, 18.06.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.
Clematis vitalba – inflorescence. Hilly region near village of Beli, 18.06.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.
Clematis vitalba – inflorescence. Hilly region near village of Beli, 18.06.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.
Clematis vitalba – flowers. Hilly region near village of Beli, 18.06.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.
Clematis vitalba – flowers. Hilly region near village of Beli, 18.06.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.
Clematis vitalba – flower. Hilly region near village of Beli, 18.06.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.
Clematis vitalba – flower. Hilly region near village of Beli, 18.06.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.
Clematis vitalba – flower. Hilly region near village of Beli, 18.06.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.
Clematis vitalba – flowers. Hilly region near village of Beli, 18.06.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.
Clematis vitalba – stems with leaves. Hilly region near village of Beli, 18.06.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.
Clematis vitalba – stems with leaves. Hilly region near village of Beli, 18.06.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.
Clematis vitalba – leaf. Hilly region near village of Beli, 18.06.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.
Clematis vitalba – leaf. Hilly region near village of Beli, 18.06.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.
Clematis vitalba – adaxial side of leaf. Hilly region near village of Beli, 18.06.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.
Clematis vitalba – abaxial side of leaf. Hilly region near village of Beli, 18.06.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.
Clematis vitalba – habit during fruiting. Hilly region near village of Beli, 23.07.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.
Clematis vitalba – fruits. Hilly region near village of Beli, 23.07.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.
Clematis vitalba – fruits. Hilly region near village of Beli, 23.07.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.
Clematis vitalba – fruits. Gorge of “Kochanska” River, 04.12.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.
Clematis vitalba – fruits. Gorge of “Kochanska” River, 04.12.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

References:

Clematis vitalba L. Plants of the World Online portal, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:319145-2 [Accessed 04.12.2022].

Micevski, K. (1985). The Flora of SR Macedonia Vol. 1, Book 1. Macedonian Academy of Sciences and Arts.

Euonymus europaeus L.

Taxonomy: Fam. Celastraceae// Genus: Euonymus// Species: Euonymus europaeus L.

Determined according to the botanical key provided by Micevski and Matevski (2005).

Lifeform: Perrenial, shrub or small tree; microphanerophyte according to the Raunkiaer system.

Distribution: Native from Europe to Caucasus and Turkey according to the distribution information provided by the Plants of the World Online portal (Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew) and The Euro+Med PlantBase (source: Raab-Straube, 2018+).

Habitat: Edges of forests and woods, near rivers and streams, forest roadsides in the oak forests zone.

Flowering period: Late spring – early summer: MAY, JUN.

Euonymus europaeus – habit of young specimen. Osogovo, “Shtalkovichka” River, 21.05.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.
Euonymus europaeus – habit of mature specimen. Osogovo, “Shtalkovichka” River, 21.05.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.
Euonymus europaeus – flowering branch. Osogovo, “Shtalkovichka” River, 21.05.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.
Euonymus europaeus – flowering branch. Osogovo, “Shtalkovichka” River, 21.05.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.
Euonymus europaeus – flowering branch. Osogovo, “Shtalkovichka” River, 21.05.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.
Euonymus europaeus –flowering branch with inflorescence. Osogovo, “Shtalkovichka” River, 21.05.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.
Euonymus europaeus –flowering branch with inflorescence. Osogovo, “Shtalkovichka” River, 21.05.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.
Euonymus europaeus – inflorescence. Osogovo, “Shtalkovichka” River, 21.05.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.
Euonymus europaeus – flowers. Osogovo, “Shtalkovichka” River, 21.05.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.
Euonymus europaeus – flowers. Osogovo, “Shtalkovichka” River, 21.05.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.
Euonymus europaeus – flowers. Osogovo, “Shtalkovichka” River, 21.05.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.
Euonymus europaeus –flowers. Osogovo, “Shtalkovichka” River, 21.05.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.
Euonymus europaeus – flowers. Osogovo, “Shtalkovichka” River, 21.05.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.
Euonymus europaeus – twigs. Osogovo, “Shtalkovichka” River, 21.05.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.
Euonymus europaeus – twigs. Osogovo, “Shtalkovichka” River, 21.05.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.
Euonymus europaeus – leaves. Osogovo, “Shtalkovichka” River, 21.05.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.
Euonymus europaeus – abaxial side of leaf. Osogovo, “Shtalkovichka” River, 21.05.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.
Euonymus europaeus – abaxial side of leaf. Osogovo, “Shtalkovichka” River, 21.05.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.
Euonymus europaeus – trunks. Osogovo, “Shtalkovichka” River, 21.05.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.
Euonymus europaeus –fruits. Osogovo, “Shtalkovichka” River, 29.10.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.
Euonymus europaeus – fruits. Osogovo, “Shtalkovichka” River, 29.10.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.
Euonymus europaeus – fruit. Osogovo, “Shtalkovichka” River, 29.10.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.
Euonymus europaeus – habit. Osogovo, “Shtalkovichka” River, 16.08.2020. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.
Euonymus europaeus – branches with fruits. Osogovo, “Shtalkovichka” River, 16.08.2020. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.
Euonymus europaeus – branch with fruits. Osogovo, “Shtalkovichka” River, 16.08.2020. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.
Euonymus europaeus – twig with leaves. Osogovo, “Shtalkovichka” River, 16.08.2020. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

References:

Euonymus europaeus L. Plants of the World Online portal, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:160876-1 [Accessed 04.12.2022].

Micevski, K and Matevski, V. (2005). The Flora of the Republic of Macedonia Vol. I, Book 6. Macedonian Academy of Sciences and Arts.

Cerastium pumilum subsp. glutinosum (Fr.) Jalas (syn. Cerastium pumilum subsp. pallens (Schultz) Schinz et. Thell.)

Taxonomy: Fam. Caryophyllaceae// Genus: Cerastium// Species: Cerastium pumilum Curtis// Subspecies: Cerastium pumilum subsp. glutinosum (Fr.) Jalas.

Determined according to the botanical keys provided by Micevski (1993) – species level; determined to subspecies level – Cerastium pumilum subsp. pallens (Schultz) Schinz et. Thell. according to Jalas; Sell and Whitehead in Tutin et al. (1964) and Gajić in Josifović (1970). The accepted name in the Euro+Med PlantBase (source: Marhold, 2011+) is Cerastium pumilum subsp. glutinosum (Fr.) Jalas.

Habitat: Edges of woods and forests, mountain footpaths.

Distribution: Native from Europe to Pakistan according to the Plants of the World Online portal (Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew).

Lifeform: Annual, therophyte according to the Raunkiaer system.

Flowering period: Spring to early summer: APR, MAY, JUN.

Cerastium pumilum subsp. glutinosum – habit in habitat. Osogovo, “Shtalkovichka” River, 21.05.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.
Cerastium pumilum subsp. glutinosum – habit. Osogovo, “Shtalkovichka” River, 21.05.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.
Cerastium pumilum subsp. glutinosum – habit. Osogovo, “Shtalkovichka” River, 21.05.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.
Cerastium pumilum subsp. glutinosum – habit. Osogovo, “Shtalkovichka” River, 21.05.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.
Cerastium pumilum subsp. glutinosum – flowering stem with inforescence. Osogovo, “Shtalkovichka” River, 21.05.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.
Cerastium pumilum subsp. glutinosum – flowering stem with inflorescence. Osogovo, “Shtalkovichka” River, 21.05.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.
Cerastium pumilum subsp. glutinosum – inflorescence. Osogovo, “Shtalkovichka” River, 21.05.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.
Cerastium pumilum subsp. glutinosum – flowers and flower buds. Osogovo, “Shtalkovichka” River, 21.05.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.
Cerastium pumilum subsp. glutinosum – flowers. Osogovo, “Shtalkovichka” River, 21.05.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.
Cerastium pumilum subsp. glutinosum – flowers. Osogovo, “Shtalkovichka” River, 21.05.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.
Cerastium pumilum subsp. glutinosum – flowers. Osogovo, “Shtalkovichka” River, 21.05.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.
Cerastium pumilum subsp. glutinosum – flowers. Osogovo, “Shtalkovichka” River, 21.05.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.
Cerastium pumilum subsp. glutinosum – flowers and bracts. Osogovo, “Shtalkovichka” River, 21.05.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.
Cerastium pumilum subsp. glutinosum – flowers and bracts. Osogovo, “Shtalkovichka” River, 21.05.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.
Cerastium pumilum subsp. glutinosum – spent flower and lower bract with thin scarious margin. Osogovo, “Shtalkovichka” River, 21.05.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.
Cerastium pumilum subsp. glutinosum – capsule and lower bract with thin scarious margin. Osogovo, “Shtalkovichka” River, 21.05.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.
Cerastium pumilum subsp. glutinosum – capsule and lower bract with thin scarious margin. Osogovo, “Shtalkovichka” River, 21.05.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.
Cerastium pumilum subsp. glutinosum – capsule. Osogovo, “Shtalkovichka” River, 21.05.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.
Cerastium pumilum subsp. glutinosum – capsule. Osogovo, “Shtalkovichka” River, 21.05.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.
Cerastium pumilum subsp. glutinosum – capsule. Osogovo, “Shtalkovichka” River, 21.05.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.
Cerastium pumilum subsp. glutinosum – stem and leaves. Osogovo, “Shtalkovichka” River, 21.05.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.
Cerastium pumilum subsp. glutinosum – stem and leaves. Osogovo, “Shtalkovichka” River, 21.05.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.
Cerastium pumilum subsp. glutinosum – stem and leaves. Osogovo, “Shtalkovichka” River, 21.05.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.
Cerastium pumilum subsp. glutinosum – lower part of plant – stem and leaves. Osogovo, “Shtalkovichka” River, 21.05.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

References:

Cerastium L. Perennial spp. by Jalas, J.; annual spp. by Sell, P.D. and Whitehead, F.H. in Tutin, T.G., Heywood, V.H., Burges, N.A., Moore, D.M., Valentine, D.H., Walters, S.M., & Webb, D.A. (1964). Flora Europaea. Volume 1. Lycopodiaceae to Platanaceae. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 136 -145.

Cerastium pumilum subsp. glutinosum. Marhold, K. (2011+): Caryophyllaceae. – In: Euro+Med Plantbase – the information resource for Euro-Mediterranean plant diversity. https://europlusmed.org/cdm_dataportal/taxon/00baa131-a0b7-4b08-b643-77c4f78291dc Published on the Internet [Accessed 03.12.2022].

Cerastium pumilum var. glutinosum (Wahlenb.) Beck. Plants of the World Online portal, Royal Botanic Gardens Kew. https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:953882-1 [Accessed 03.12.2022].

Micevski, K. (1993). The Flora of the Republic of Macedonia Vol. 1, Book 2. Macedonian Academy of Sciences and Arts.

Rod Cerastium L. Gajić, M. in Josifović, M. (1970). Flora SR Srbije II. Srpska Akademija Nauka i Umetnosti, Beograd, pp. 156-176.

Polygala vulgaris L.

Taxonomy: Fam. Polygalaceae// Genus: Polygala// Species: Polygala vulgaris L.

Determined according to the botanical key provided in The Flora of the Republic of Macedonia (Micevski and Matevski, 2005) and Flora Europaea (Tutin et al., 1968).

Lifeform: Perennial; hemicryptophyte according to the Raunkiær system.

Distribution: Native from Europe to Turkey according to the distribution information provided by the Plants of the World Online portal (Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew) and The Euro+Med PlantBase (source: Raab-Straube, 2018+).

Habitat:  Edges and clearings of forests.

Flowering period:  Summer: JUN, JUL.

Polygala vulgaris – habit in habitat. Osogovo, Ponikva, 19.06.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.
Polygala vulgaris – habit. Osogovo, Ponikva, 19.06.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.
Polygala vulgaris – flowering stems. Osogovo, Ponikva, 19.06.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.
Polygala vulgaris – flowers. Osogovo, Ponikva, 19.06.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.
Polygala vulgaris – flowers. Osogovo, Ponikva, 19.06.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.
Polygala vulgaris – flowers. Osogovo, Ponikva, 19.06.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.
Polygala vulgaris – finflorescence with fruits- the sepal are wider and completely enclose the capsules. Osogovo, Ponikva, 19.06.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.
Polygala vulgaris – abaxial side of leaves. Osogovo, Ponikva, 19.06.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.
Polygala vulgaris – abaxial side of leaves. Osogovo, Ponikva, 19.06.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.
Polygala vulgaris – stems with leaves. Osogovo, Ponikva, 19.06.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.
Polygala vulgaris – stems with leaves. Osogovo, Ponikva, 19.06.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.
Polygala vulgaris – plant base. Osogovo, Ponikva, 19.06.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

References:

Micevski, K and Matevski, V. (2005). The Flora of the Republic of Macedonia Vol. I, Book 6. Macedonian Academy of Sciences and Arts.

Polygala vulgaris L. Plants of the World Online portal, Royal Botanic Gardens,Kew. http://www.plantsoftheworldonline.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:692570-1 [Accessed 30.11.2022].

Polygala vulgaris L. Raab-Straube, E. von (2018+): Polygalaceae. – In: Euro+Med Plantbase – the information resource for Euro-Mediterranean plant diversity. Published on the Internet https://europlusmed.org/cdm_dataportal/taxon/5ce54f2c-f274-41b7-9f7e-5c5db6b7494a [Accessed 30.11.2022].

Tutin, T.G., Heywood, V.H., Burges, N.A., Moore, D.M., Valentine, D.H., Walters, S.M. & Webb, D.A. (1968). Flora Europaea. Volume 2: Rosaceae to Umbelliferae. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Astragalus glycyphyllos L.

Taxonomy: Fam.Fabaceae// Genus: Astragalus// Species: Astragalus glycyphyllos L.

Determined according to the botanical key provided in The Flora of Republic of Macedonia (Micevski, 2001).

Lifeform: Perrenial; Hemicryptophyte according to the Raunkiær system.

Distribution: Native from Europe to West Siberia, Kazakhstan and Iran according to the distribution information provided by the Plants of the World Online portal (Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew).

Habitat:  Edges of woods and forests, from the lowland up to the subalpine belt at c. 1500-1600 m altitude.

Flowering period:  Spring – summer: MAY, JUN, JUL.

Astragalus glycyphyllos – habit. Osogovo, Ponikva,  10.07.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.
Astragalus glycyphyllos – habit. Osogovo, Ponikva,  10.07.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.
Astragalus glycyphyllos – habit. Osogovo, Ponikva,  10.07.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.
Astragalus glycyphyllos – inflorescence. Osogovo, Ponikva,  10.07.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.
Astragalus glycyphyllos – flowers. Osogovo, Ponikva,  10.07.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.
Astragalus glycyphyllos – flowers. Osogovo, Ponikva,  10.07.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.
Astragalus glycyphyllos – flowers. Osogovo, Ponikva,  10.07.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.
Astragalus glycyphyllos – pods. Osogovo, Ponikva,  10.07.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.
Astragalus glycyphyllos – pods. Osogovo, Ponikva,  10.07.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.
Astragalus glycyphyllos – leaves. Osogovo, Ponikva,  10.07.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.
Astragalus glycyphyllos – leaves. Osogovo, Ponikva,  10.07.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.
Astragalus glycyphyllos – leaves. Osogovo, Ponikva,  10.07.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.
Astragalus glycyphyllos – stem, leaf rachis, stipule and adaxial side of leaflet. Osogovo, Ponikva,  10.07.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.
Astragalus glycyphyllos – habit. Osogovo, “Shtalkovicka” River,  15.07.2021. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.
Astragalus glycyphyllos – inflorescence and leaves. Osogovo, “Shtalkovicka” River,  15.07.2021. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.
Astragalus glycyphyllos – pods. Osogovo, “Shtalkovicka” River,  15.07.2021. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.
Astragalus glycyphyllos – leaf. Osogovo, “Shtalkovicka” River,  15.07.2021. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.
Astragalus glycyphyllos – habit. “Mala” River near lake “Gradche”, 27.05.2020. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.
Astragalus glycyphyllos – stems with pods. “Mala” River near lake “Gradche”,  27.05.2020. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.
Astragalus glycyphyllos – pods. “Mala” River near lake “Gradche”,  27.05.2020. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.
Astragalus glycyphyllos – leaves. “Mala” River near lake “Gradche”,  27.05.2020. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

References:

Micevski, K. (2001). The Flora of the Republic of Macedonia Vol. I, Book 5. Macedonian Academy of Sciences and Arts.

Astragalus glycyphyllos L. Plants of the World Online portal, Royal Botanic Gardens,Kew. https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:477635-1  [Accessed 29.11.2022].

Solanum alatum Moench (syn. Solanum luteum subsp. alatum (Moench) Dostâl)

Taxonomy: Fam. Solanaceae// Genus: Solanum// Species: Solanum alatum Moench.

Determined according to the botanical keys provided by Hawkes & Edmonds in Tutin et al. (1972) and Stjepanović-Veseličić in Josifović (1974). Accepted as subspecies according to Hawkes & Edmonds in Tutin et al. (1972) – Solanum luteum subsp. alatum (Moench) Dostâl. Stjepanović-Veseličić in Josifović (1974) and The Euro+Med PlantBase (source: Valdés, 2012+) accept this taxon at the species level – Solanum alatum Moench.

Distribution: Native to North America – USA and Canada; introduced in parts of Europe according to the distribution information provided by the Plants of the World Online portal (Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew). Also native to parts of Europe and the Mediterranean according to The Euro+Med PlantBase (source: Valdés, 2012+).

Habitat: Disturbed ground, roadsides, ruderal areas.

Lifeform: Annual; therophyte according to the Raunkiær system.

Flowering period: Summer – fall: JUN, JUL, AUG, SEP, OCT.

Solanum alatum – habit. Osogovo, “Shtalkovicka” River between the villages of Shtalkovica and Tursko Rudari, 29.10.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.
Solanum alatum – habit. Osogovo, “Shtalkovicka” River between the villages of Shtalkovica and Tursko Rudari, 29.10.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.
Solanum alatum – stem with flowers and fruits. Osogovo, “Shtalkovicka” River between the villages of Shtalkovica and Tursko Rudari, 29.10.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.
Solanum alatum – flower. Osogovo, “Shtalkovicka” River between the villages of Shtalkovica and Tursko Rudari, 29.10.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.
Solanum alatum – flowers. Osogovo, “Shtalkovicka” River between the villages of Shtalkovica and Tursko Rudari, 29.10.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.
Solanum alatum – fruits. Osogovo, “Shtalkovicka” River between the villages of Shtalkovica and Tursko Rudari, 29.10.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.
Solanum alatum – stem with winged ridges; fruits. Osogovo, “Shtalkovicka” River between the villages of Shtalkovica and Tursko Rudari, 29.10.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.
Solanum alatum – stems with winged ridges. Osogovo, “Shtalkovicka” River between the villages of Shtalkovica and Tursko Rudari, 29.10.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.
Solanum alatum – leaves. Osogovo, “Shtalkovicka” River between the villages of Shtalkovica and Tursko Rudari, 29.10.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.
Solanum alatum – leaf. Osogovo, “Shtalkovicka” River between the villages of Shtalkovica and Tursko Rudari, 29.10.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.
Solanum alatum – adaxial side of leaf. Osogovo, “Shtalkovicka” River between the villages of Shtalkovica and Tursko Rudari, 29.10.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.
Solanum alatum – abaxial side of leaf. Osogovo, “Shtalkovicka” River between the villages of Shtalkovica and Tursko Rudari, 29.10.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

References:

Rod Solanum L. Stjepanović-Veseličić, L. in Josifović, M. (1974). Flora SR Srbije VI. Srpska Akademija Nauka i Umetnosti, Beograd, pp. 85-94.

Solanum alatum Moench. Plants of the World Online, Royal Botanic Gardens Kew. https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:818181-1 [Accessed 27.11.2022].

Solanum alatum. Valdés, B. (2012+): Solanaceae. – In: Euro+Med Plantbase – the information resource for Euro-Mediterranean plant diversity. Published on the Internet https://europlusmed.org/cdm_dataportal/taxon/4124a502-6ae3-487c-a0c3-84078c48c678 [Accessed 27.11.2022].

Solanum L. Hawkes, J.G. & Edmonds, J.M. in Tutin, T.G., Heywood, V.H., Burges, N.A., Moore, D.M., Valentine, D.H., Walters, S.M. & Webb, D.A. (1972). Flora Europaea. Volume 3: Diapensiaceae to Myoporaceae. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 197 – 199.