Taxonomy: Family: Santalaceae// Genus: Thesium// Species: Thesium divaricatum Mert. & W. D. J. Koch.
Determined according to the botanical key provided by Micevski and Matevski (2005).
Lifeform: Perrenial; hemicryptophyte according to the Raunkiær system.
Distribution: Native to the Mediterranean region according to the Plants of the World Online portal (Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew). Also native to Austria according to The Euro+Med Plantbase (source: Uotila, 2011+).
Habitat: Open habitats- grasslands, clearings and edges of forests.
Flowering period: Late spring – summer: MAY, JUN,JUL, AUG.
References:
Micevski, K and Matevski, V. (2005). The Flora of the Republic of Macedonia Vol. I, Book 6. Macedonian Academy of Sciences and Arts.
Taxonomy: Fam. Violaceae// Genus: Viola// Species: Viola gracilis Sm.
Determined according to the botanical keys provided by Valentine, Merxmüller and Schmidt in Tutin et al. (1968) and (Micevski, 1995).
Lifeform: Perennial; chemicryptophyte according to the Raunkiær system.
Distribution: Native to the Balkan Peninsula and Turkey according to the distribution information provided by the Plants of the World Online portal (Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew); Albania and Turkey according to The Euro+Med PlantBase (Raab-Straube & Henning, 2018+). In North Macedonia it is mainly found in the east mountain region (Micevski, 1995).
Habitat: Subalpine pastures, grasslands, rocky terrains and clearings of European beech forests from c. 1350 m altitude up to the highest peaks. Frequent species in the subalpine belt.
Flowering period: Spring to fall: MAR, APR, MAY, JUN, JUL, AUG, SEP, OCT.
References:
Micevski, K. (1995). The Flora of the Republic of Macedonia Vol. I, Book 3. Macedonian Academy of Sciences and Arts.
Determined according to the botanical keys provided by Valentine, Merxmüller and Schmidt in Tutin et al. (1968) and Diklić in Josifović (1972).
Species variability: Two subspecies of Viola tricolor L. occur in the Osogovo region: Viola tricolor L. subsp. tricolor and Viola tricolor subsp. macedonica (Boiss. & Heldr.) A. F. W. Schmidt.
Distinction between subspecies:
– subsp. tricolor: Annual with several stems. Flowers variously colored violet-blue or blue-cream with yellow spot/ yellow lower petal, cream-yellow or entirely yellow. Grasslands, rocky terrains and gravel.
– subsp. macedonica: Perennial with well developed rhizome and numerous stems, with larger habit and longer stems than in subsp. tricolor. Flowers violet -cream, blue-cream or white at opening and later becoming blue/ violet, the lower with a yellow spot at base. Grasslands, clearings and edges of woods and forests.
Lifeform: Annual; Therophyte according to the Raunkiær system.
Distribution: Europe to West Siberia and Iran, Iceland according to distribution information provided by the Plants of the World Online portal (Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew).
Habitat: Grasslands and disturbed ground – gravel.
Flowering period: Spring to early summer: APR, MAY, JUN.
References:
Rod Viola L. Diklić, N. in Josifović, M. (1972). Flora SR Srbije III. Srpska Akademija Nauka i Umetnosti, Beograd, pp. 129-164.
Viola L. Valentine, D. H., Merxmüller, H. and Schmidt, A. Tutin, T.G., Heywood, V.H., Burges, N.A., Moore, D.M., Valentine, D.H., Walters, S.M., & Webb, D.A. (1968). Flora Europaea. Volume 2. Rosaceae to Umbelliferae. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 270 – 282.
Determined according to the botanical key provided by Micevski (1985) as Ranunculus oreophilus Bieb. The accepted name in The Euro+Med PlantBase (source: Hörandl & Raab-Straube, 2015+) as Ranunculus breyninus Crantz, Stirp. Austr. Fasc. 2: 91. 1763.
Lifeform: Perrenial; hemicryptophyte according to the Raunkiær system.
Distribution: Native from Central Europe and South Europe to Ukraine and Iran according to the distribution information provided by the Plants of the World Online portal (Royal Botanic Gardens Kew).
Habitat: Subalpine pastures.
Flowering period: Summer: JUN, JUL.
References:
Micevski, K. (1985). The Flora of SR Macedonia Vol. 1, Book 1. Macedonian Academy of Sciences and Arts.
Taxonomy: Fam. Ranunculaceae// Genus: Clematis// Species: Clematis vitalba L.
Determined according to the botanical key provided by Micevski (1985).
Lifeform: Climbing woody perrenial; microphanerophyte according to the Raunkiær system.
Distribution: Native from Europe to Afghanistan; Laos; Northwest Africa according to the distribution information provided by the Plants of the World Online portal (Royal Botanic Gardens Kew).
Habitat: Woods, shrublands, roadsides, orchards and other ruderal areas.
Taxonomy: Fam. Celastraceae// Genus: Euonymus// Species: Euonymus europaeus L.
Determined according to the botanical key provided by Micevski and Matevski (2005).
Lifeform: Perrenial, shrub or small tree; microphanerophyte according to the Raunkiaer system.
Distribution: Native from Europe to Caucasus and Turkey according to the distribution information provided by the Plants of the World Online portal (Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew) and The Euro+Med PlantBase (source: Raab-Straube, 2018+).
Habitat: Edges of forests and woods, near rivers and streams, forest roadsides in the oak forests zone.
Flowering period: Late spring – early summer: MAY, JUN.
Determined according to the botanical keys provided by Micevski (1993) – species level; determined to subspecies level – Cerastium pumilum subsp. pallens (Schultz) Schinz et. Thell. according to Jalas; Sell and Whitehead in Tutin et al. (1964) and Gajić in Josifović (1970). The accepted name in the Euro+Med PlantBase (source: Marhold, 2011+) is Cerastium pumilum subsp. glutinosum (Fr.) Jalas.
Habitat: Edges of woods and forests, mountain footpaths.
Distribution: Native from Europe to Pakistan according to the Plants of the World Online portal (Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew).
Lifeform: Annual, therophyte according to the Raunkiaer system.
Flowering period: Spring to early summer: APR, MAY, JUN.
References:
Cerastium L. Perennial spp. by Jalas, J.; annual spp. by Sell, P.D. and Whitehead, F.H. in Tutin, T.G., Heywood, V.H., Burges, N.A., Moore, D.M., Valentine, D.H., Walters, S.M., & Webb, D.A. (1964). Flora Europaea. Volume 1. Lycopodiaceae to Platanaceae. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 136 -145.
Taxonomy: Fam. Polygalaceae// Genus: Polygala// Species: Polygala vulgaris L.
Determined according to the botanical key provided in The Flora of the Republic of Macedonia (Micevski and Matevski, 2005) and Flora Europaea (Tutin et al., 1968).
Lifeform: Perennial; hemicryptophyte according to the Raunkiær system.
Distribution: Native from Europe to Turkey according to the distribution information provided by the Plants of the World Online portal (Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew) and The Euro+Med PlantBase (source: Raab-Straube, 2018+).
Habitat: Edges and clearings of forests.
Flowering period: Summer: JUN, JUL.
References:
Micevski, K and Matevski, V. (2005). The Flora of the Republic of Macedonia Vol. I, Book 6. Macedonian Academy of Sciences and Arts.
Taxonomy: Fam.Fabaceae// Genus: Astragalus// Species: Astragalus glycyphyllos L.
Determined according to the botanical key provided in The Flora of Republic of Macedonia (Micevski, 2001).
Lifeform: Perrenial; Hemicryptophyte according to the Raunkiær system.
Distribution: Native from Europe to West Siberia, Kazakhstan and Iran according to the distribution information provided by the Plants of the World Online portal (Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew).
Habitat: Edges of woods and forests, from the lowland up to the subalpine belt at c. 1500-1600 m altitude.
Flowering period: Spring – summer: MAY, JUN, JUL.
References:
Micevski, K. (2001). The Flora of the Republic of Macedonia Vol. I, Book 5. Macedonian Academy of Sciences and Arts.
Determined according to the botanical keys provided by Hawkes & Edmonds in Tutin et al. (1972) and Stjepanović-Veseličić in Josifović (1974). Accepted as subspecies according to Hawkes & Edmonds in Tutin et al. (1972) – Solanumluteum subsp. alatum (Moench) Dostâl. Stjepanović-Veseličić in Josifović (1974) and The Euro+Med PlantBase (source: Valdés, 2012+) accept this taxon at the species level – Solanum alatum Moench.
Distribution: Native to North America – USA and Canada; introduced in parts of Europe according to the distribution information provided by the Plants of the World Online portal (Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew). Also native to parts of Europe and the Mediterranean according to The Euro+Med PlantBase (source: Valdés, 2012+).